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EMT class > ch11 (airway management) > Flashcards

ch11 (airway management) Flashcards

1
Q

brain tissue will begin to die ______ without oxygen

A

4 to 6 minutes

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2
Q

diffusion

A

molecules move into an area of high concentration to lower concentration

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3
Q

airway

A

the upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx (nose, mouth, throat)

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4
Q

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are responsible for….

A

rise and fall of the chest that accompany normal breathing

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5
Q

the upper airway includes the:

A

nose
mouth
jaw
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx

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6
Q

what is the function of the upper airway?

A

to warm, filter, and humidify air as it enters the body through the nose and mouth

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7
Q

nasopharynx

A

keeps dust and other small particles out of the respiratory tract
-warms and humidifies air as it enters the body

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8
Q

oropharynx

A

allows air, food and fluid to pass through

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9
Q

epiglottis

A

separates the digestive system from the respiratory system
-prevents food and liquid from entering the larynx during swallowing

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10
Q

aspiration

A

the introduction of vomit or other foreign material in the lungs

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11
Q

larynx

A

marks where the upper airway ends and lower airway begins; voice box

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12
Q

glottis

A

space between the vocal chords and the narrowest portion of the adult’s airway

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13
Q

vocal chords

A

primary center for speech production; contain defense reflexes that protect the lower airway
-lateral borders of the glottis

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14
Q

the function of the lower airway is to…

A

deliver oxygen to the alveoli

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15
Q

trachea

A

windpipe
-conduit for air entry into the lungs

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16
Q

carina

A

where the trachea divides into the left and right main stem bronchi

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17
Q

the lungs consist of…

A

smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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18
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the outer surface of the lung tissue

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19
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the inside of the thoracic cavity

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20
Q

bronchioles

A

thin, hollow tubes made of smooth muscle
-branch into alveolar ducts

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21
Q

alveoli

A

functional site for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
-surrounded by pulmonary capillaries

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22
Q

describe how oxygen diffuses throughout the body

A
  1. oxygen diffuses through the lining of the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries
  2. from the pulmonary capillaries it is carried back to the heart for distribution throughout the body
  3. at the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli, where it’s exhaled and removed from the body
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23
Q

mediastinum

A

-between the lungs; separates the right lung from left lung

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24
Q

what is in the mediastinum

A
  1. heart
  2. great vessels
  3. esophagus
  4. trachea
  5. major bronchi
  6. nerves
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25
Q

phrenic nerves

A

found in the thorax
-innervate the diaphragm muscle, allowing it to contract
-necessary for adequate breathing

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26
Q

ventilation

A

act of moving air into and out of the lungs

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27
Q

oxygenation

A

the process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream

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28
Q

respiration

A

the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues of the body

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29
Q

inhalation

A

the active muscular part of breathing
-diaphragm and intercostal muscles retract (allowing air to enter the body and travel to the lungs)

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30
Q

accessory muscles

A

secondary muscles of respiration

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31
Q

partial pressure

A

the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid (blood)

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32
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath

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33
Q

residual volume

A

the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

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34
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air that reaches the alveoli
(dead space air - tidal volume)

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35
Q

minute volume

A

volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute
(tidal volume x respiratory rate)

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36
Q

alveolar minute volume

A

volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute
(multiply tidal volume - dead space and respiratory rate)

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37
Q

vital capacity

A

the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible

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38
Q

dead space

A

portion of tidal volume that does not reach alveoli and does not participate in gas exchange

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39
Q

exhalation

A

does not require muscular effort; a passive process
-diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

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40
Q

air will reach the lungs only if…

A

it travels through the trachea

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41
Q

patent

A

maintaining the airway so air can enter and leave the lungs freely

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42
Q

hypoxia

A

tissues+cells in the body do not get enough oxygen

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43
Q

hypoxic drive

A

secondary control of breathing
-detects drops in the oxygen level in the blood

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44
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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45
Q

the best time to give a patient oxygen is…

A

before signs and symptoms of hypoxia appear

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46
Q

metabolism

A

cellular respiration
-cells combines nutrients (sugar) and oxygen and produces energy (ATP) and waste products (water+CO2)

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47
Q

external respiration

A

pulmonary respiration
-gas exchange between lungs and in pulmonary capillaries

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48
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension within the alveoli and keeps them expanded
-makes it easier for gas exchange to occur

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49
Q

how much of hemoglobin receptor sites contain oxygen?

A

96-100%

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50
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic circulatory system and the cells of the body

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51
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

-with oxygen
cells convert glucose into energy

52
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

-without oxygen
-cells do not completely convert glucose into energy and lactic acid
-cannot meet the metabolic demands of the cell and they will eventually die

53
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor the levels of oxygen, CO2, hydrogen ions, and pH of CSF provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time

54
Q

hypercarbia

A

oxygen levels in the blood DECREASE, carbon dioxide levels INCREASE

55
Q

intrapulmonary shunting

A

blood enters the lungs from the right side of the heart, bypasses the alveoli, and goes to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state

56
Q

hemothorax

A

a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

57
Q

pneumothorax

A

accumulation of air/gas in the pleural cavity

58
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

accumulation of air/gas in the pleural cavity that gradually increases the pressure in the chest and interferes with cardiac function

59
Q

aerosol-generating procedure (AGP)

A

any airway manipulation that induces the production of aerosols that may present a risk for airborne transmission of pathogens (ex: CPR)

60
Q

bilateral

A

a body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline

61
Q

bag-mask device

A

device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag (delivers 90% more supplemental oxygen)

62
Q

labored breathing

A

working hard to breath, using accessory muscles (chest, back, abdomen)

63
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate in adults?

A

12-20 breaths/min

64
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate in children?

A

12-40 breaths/min

65
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate in infants?

A

30 to 60 breaths/min

66
Q

retractions

A

movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspirations

67
Q

agonal gasps

A

occasional gasping breaths

68
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

irregular respiratory pattern of abnormal breathing that increases and then decreases in rate and depth followed by a period of apnea

69
Q

where are Cheyne-Stokes respirations seen?

A

in patients with stroke or head injuries

70
Q

apnea

A

lack of spontaneous breathing

71
Q

ataxic breathing

A

irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern

72
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

deep rapid respirations (seen in patients with metabolic acidosis)

73
Q

pallor

A

pale skin (associated with poor perfusion caused by illness or shock)

74
Q

pulse oximetry

A

measures patient’s oxygenation status

75
Q

SpO2

A

the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that are bound in arterial blood

76
Q

end-tidal CO2

A

the amount of CO2 present at the end of an exhaled breath

77
Q

capnometry

A

digital numeric reading of the end-tidal CO2 level

78
Q

capnography

A

numeric reading+graph of the end tidal CO2 levels from breath to breath

79
Q

what is the normal range of end-tidal CO2?

A

35-45mmHg

80
Q

head-tilt chin lift maneuver

A

tilting the patient’s head back and lifting the chin

81
Q

jaw thrust maneuver

A

opens the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and lifting the jaw upward; used for patients with spinal injuries

82
Q

tonsil tips

A

plastic, rigid pharyngeal suction tip; best for children and infants

83
Q

suction catheter

A

used to remove fluids from the patient’s airway

84
Q

stoma

A

opening through the skin that goes into an organ or other structure

85
Q

oropharyngeal (oral) airway

A
  1. keeps the tongue from blocking the upper airway
  2. make it easier to suction to oropharynx if necessary
86
Q

gag reflex

A

protective reflex mechanism that prevents food and other particles from entering the airway

87
Q

nasopharyngeal (nasal) airway

A

used with an unresponsive or patient with an altered LOC, who has an intact gag reflex and is not able to maintain his or her airway spontaneously

88
Q

recovery position

A

maintain a clear airway in an unconscious patient who is not injured and breathing on their own; lay patient on their side

89
Q

pin-indexing system

A

system for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

90
Q

American Standard Safety System

A

safety system for large cylinders to prevent accidental attachment of a regulatory to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

91
Q

oxygen toxicity

A

damage to cellular tissue due to excessive oxygen levels in the blood

92
Q

nonrebreathing masks

A

administer high concentrations of oxygen to significantly hypoxemic patients who are otherwise breathing adequately
(provides up to 90% inspired oxygen)

93
Q

nasal cannula

A

delivers oxygen through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patients nostrils
(provides 24-44% inspired oxygen)

94
Q

cardiac output=

A

stroke volume x heart rate

95
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in one cardiac cycle

96
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 minute

97
Q

adult ventilation rate

A

1 breath every 6 seconds

98
Q

child ventilation rate

A

1 breath every 2-3 seconds

99
Q

infant ventilation rate

A

1 breath every 2-3 seconds

100
Q

the volume of air delivered to the patient is based on…

A

chest rise and fall

101
Q

gastric distention

A

inflation of the stomach with air

102
Q

when does gastric distention occur?

A

when you ventilate a patient too forcefully or rapidly

103
Q

passive ventilation

A

air movement into and out of the chest occurs passively from chest compressions

104
Q

automatic transport ventilator (ATV)

A

ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set; frees the EMT to perform other tasks while PT is being ventilated

105
Q

compliance

A

ability of alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation

106
Q

poor lung compliance

A

inability of alveoli to fully expand during inhalation

107
Q

positive pressure ventilation

A

forcing air into the lungs under pressure during inspiration

108
Q

negative pressure ventilation

A

creates a sub-atmospheric pressure around the chest, drawing air into the lungs

109
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A

noninvasive means of providing ventilatory support for patients experiencing respiratory distress; prevents the need for endotracheal intubation

110
Q

tracheostomy

A

an opening in the neck that connects the trachea directly to the skin

111
Q

mild airway obstruction

A

able to exchange air but will have varying degrees of respiratory distress; noisy breathing + coughing

112
Q

severe airway obstruction

A

cannot breathe, talk or cough

113
Q

good air exchange

A

patient can cough forcefully; may hear wheezing

114
Q

wheezing

A

whistling sounds during respiration between coughs

115
Q

wheezing is indicative of…

A

mild lower airway obstruction

116
Q

stridor

A

high pitched noise heard on inspiration

117
Q

stridor is an indication of…

A

mild upper airway obstruction

118
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

inserting a tube into the trachea to maintain and protect the airway

119
Q

preoxygenation

A

providing oxygen prior to intubation to raise oxygen levels of body tissues

120
Q

apneic oxygenation

A

oxygen in a high-flow nasal cannula is left in local during an incubation attempt; allowing for continuous oxygen delivery into airways during all phases of the procedure

121
Q

direct laryngoscopy

A

visualization of the vocal chords with a laryngoscope

122
Q

video laryngoscopy

A

visualization of the vocal cords using a video camera and monitor

123
Q

gum elastic bougie

A

flexible device inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy

124
Q

BE MAGIC

A

B: perform Bag-mask preoxygenation
E: Evaluate for airway difficulties

M: Manipulate the patient
A: Attempt first-pass intubation
GI: use a supraGlottic airway if unable to intubate
C: Confirm successful intubation/Correct any issues

125
Q

esophageal intubation

A

airway device has been placed into the esophagus rather than into the trachea; causes air being pumped into the stomach and gastric distention

126
Q

barrier device

A

protective device that limits exposure to patient’s body fluids

127
Q

denitrogenation

A

replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen

EMT class (32 decks)

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