ch20 (endocrine+hematologic emergencies)

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

communication system that controls functions inside the body; maintains homeostasis

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body

Question 3

hormones

Answer 3

chemical substances produced by a gland that goes to another organs

Question 4

endocrine disorders are caused by…

Answer 4

an internal communication problem

Question 5

hypersecretion

Answer 5

more hormone

Question 6

hyposecretion

Answer 6

not producing enough hormone

Question 7

glucose

Answer 7

basic sugars, primary fuel for cellular respiration

Question 8

insulin

Answer 8

necessary for glucose to enter the cells for metabolism

Question 9

what are the 2 hormones stored in the pancreas?

Answer 9

1. glucagon
2. insulin

Question 10

diabetes mellitus

Answer 10

disorder of glucose metabolism; body cannot get glucose into the cells to be used for energy

Question 11

hyperglycemia

Answer 11

blood glucose level is above normal

Question 12

hypoglycemia

Answer 12

blood glucose level is below normal

Question 13

signs+symptoms of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

Answer 13

altered mental status
can present as alcohol intoxication

Question 14

type 1 diabetes

Answer 14

autoimmune disorder; immune system produces antibodies against the pancreatic beta cells, cannot produce insulin
-without insulin glucose cannot enter the cell, cell cannot produce energy

Question 15

normal blood glucose level is between

Answer 15

80 and 120 mg/dL

Question 16

polyuria

Answer 16

frequent urination
(in diabetes: wasting of glucose in the urine)

Question 17

polydipsia

Answer 17

increased thirst (leads to electrolyte abnormalities)

Question 18

polyphagia

Answer 18

increased food intake

Question 19

Kussmaul respirations

Answer 19

deep, rapid breathing
accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body

Question 20

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 20

hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes where certain acids accumulate when insulin isn’t available

Question 21

what are signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 21

1. abdominal pain
2. body aches
3. nausea
4. vomiting
5. altered mental status or unconsciousness

Question 22

a patient with DKA will have a glucose level higher than…

Answer 22

400 mg/dL

Question 23

type 2 diabetes

Answer 23

caused by resistance to the effect of insulin at the cellular level
-obesity

Question 24

symptomatic hyperglycemia

Answer 24

occurs when blood glucose levels are very high
-state of unconsciousness

Question 25

what are signs and symptoms of symptomatic hyperglycemia?

Answer 25

1. frequent urination 2. increased thirst 3. blurred vision 4. fatigue

Question 26

in type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to...

Answer 26

ketoacidosis and dehydration

Question 27

in type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to...

Answer 27

dehydration

Question 28

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)

Answer 28

life-threatening; result from high blood glucose that causes altered mental status, dehydration and organ damage

Question 29

symptomatic hypoglycemia

Answer 29

a patient's blood glucose drops and must be corrected - can result in changes in mental status

Question 30

symptomatic hypoglycemia

Answer 30

a patient's blood glucose drops and must be corrected

Question 31

signs+symptoms of hypoglycemia

Answer 31

cool, clammy, diaphoretic confusion slow shallow respirations

Question 32

signs+symptoms of hyperglycemia

Answer 32

hot, dry, flushed skin comatose (deep unconsciousness, unresponsive) Cheynne stokes respirations (fast and deep breaths to slow and shallow)

Question 33

a patient who it hyperglycemic may have...

Answer 33

Kussmaul respirations (rapid, deep) and fruity breath

Question 34

the blood glucose level in neonate's should be above...

Answer 34

70 mg/dL

Question 35

acidosis

Answer 35

buildup of excess acid in the blood

Question 36

seizures are often caused by...

Answer 36

hypoglycemia

Question 37

what are contraindications to oral glucose?

Answer 37

inability to swallow and unconsciousness (it can cause aspiration)

Question 38

hematology

Answer 38

the study of blood-related diseases

Question 39

sickle cell disease

Answer 39

inherited blood disorder that effects RBCs; odd-shaped cells protect from contracting malaria -cells lead to dysfunctional oxygen binding and unintentional clot formation

Question 40

vasoocclusive crisis

Answer 40

ischemia and pain caused by sickle-shaped RBCs that obstruct blood flow to a portion of the body

Question 41

hemophilia

Answer 41

decreased ability to create a clot after an injury; extended bleeding

Question 42

thrombosis

Answer 42

a blood clot in the arterial or venous system

Question 43

thrombophilia

Answer 43

disorder in the body's ability to maintain viscosity and smooth flow of blood; results in blood clotting easily

Question 44

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 44

occurs in sedentary and patients who have had recent injury or surgery -blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body (usually the leg)