ch11 infectious

Question 1

Define Disease

Answer 1

condition where
- threatens health
- disrupt human body system funct

Question 2

Infectious disease traits

Answer 2

• cause pathogens, parasites, fungi
• Transferrable organism 2 organism
• ingest food, water, contact w/ bodily fluids

Pathogens: Anything causing disease

Question 3

4 diff infectious disease + Transmission via…?

Answer 3

influenza virus infection/Pneumoccocal: airborne/droplet transmitted

Syphillis:
sexually transmitted

Dengue fever:
vector (i.e. mosquito) transmitted

Question 4

Example
pneumoccocal disease bacteria

Answer 4

Strep to cco cus
Pneumonia

Question 5

2 Example of bacterial infections

Answer 5

Pneumoccocal disease (streptoccocus pneumonia); syphillis

streptoccocus pneumonia cause all pneumoccal disease

Question 6

1 Example viral infection

Answer 6

dengue virus

Question 7

characteristics of non infectious disease

Answer 7

CANNOT Transfer organism 2 organism

Get by: old age, malnutrition, genetics

Question 8

Genetic cause disease
other than T1 diabetes

Answer 8

Sickle cell anemia
Mutation change struct chromosome 11 HbA gene

variant haemoglobin
- less soluble plasma
- nvr bind readily, oxygen

T2 diabetes is genetic predeposition

Question 9

Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
Outer Coat

Answer 9

bacteria
cell surface membrane, peptoglycan cell wall
virus
ALWAYS protein coat, sometimes lipid envelope

Question 10

Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
Genetic Material location

Answer 10

bacteria
free-floating, cytoplasm
virus
enclosed, protein coat

BOTH NOT ENCLOSED, NUCLEUS

they dont even have one lol

Question 11

Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
genetic material in DNA/RNA?

Answer 11

bacteria
chromosomal, plasmid material is DNA
virus
DNA/RNA

chromosomal material -> chromosomes

plasmid material -> the circle thing in bacteria

Question 12

Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
defintion + require host? + reproduction

Answer 12

bacteria
- free living cell
- no host req
- own ribosomes, enzymes

virus
- obligate intracellular parasite
- living host cell
- host ribosomes, enzymes

cell is the point. cos they need ribosomes/enzymes to reproduce

Question 13

Bacteria Cell VS Virus Particle
which classified under
“pathogens”

aka bad guys lah

Answer 13

bacteria cell
some pathogens
virus particle
all pathogens

theres good bacteria for the gut but no good virus

Question 14

pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus

same signs

Answer 14

cough, fever

Question 15

pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus

different signs

SIGNS: External party can observe
SYMPTOMS: Only obvious to patient themselves

Answer 15

pneumoccocal
difficulty breathing
influenza
sore throat, runny nose

Question 16

pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus

same symptoms

SIGNS: External party can observe, detect
SYMPTOMS: Only obvious to patient themselves

Answer 16

pneumoccocal
MENGITIS,
influenza
Headache

pneumoccocal pneumonia has no similar symptoms as headache.

Question 17

pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus

different symptoms

Answer 17

Pneumoccocal PNEUMONIA
chest pain

influenza
muscle aches, fatigue/tiredness

Question 18

Otitis media
1. what kind of disease
2. symptoms

Answer 18

1. pneumoccocal disease
2. ear pain

RECAP
pneumoccocal = airbone/droplet transmission

Question 19

any treatment for
1. pneumoccocal disease
2. influenza virus

Answer 19

1. antibiotics
2. home rest

Question 20

influenza vs pneumoccocal disease
similar modes of transmission

Answer 20

• transfer airborne respiratory droplets containing pathogen → eyes, nose, mouth
• respiratory secretion containing pathogen → direct contact

Question 21

influenza vs pneumoccocal disease

similar methods prevent transmission

Answer 21

Preventative, NOT TREATMENT
- vaccinated
- wear mask, isolate when unwell
- handwashing -> soap, water

vaccine: useful both bacteria, virus

Question 22

KEYWORD

“define”
“what is meant by” (2m)
“what is meant by” (3m)

Answer 22

“define”: definition

“what is meant by” 2m: definition + examples

“what is meant by 3m:”
defintion + elaboration with example

Question 23

Evaluate Format

Answer 23

• make stand
• quote data/evidence MUST SUPPORT STAND + comment reliability/relevance
• correlation does not mean causation

Question 24

female/male

Answer 24

sex
in bio cant write gender

Question 25

how vaccine work

Answer 25

1. **agent**, resembles pathogen (i.e. weakened bacteria // virus protein coat) 2. stimulate primary immune resp, lymphocytes produced **recognise specific antigens**, **pathogen** 3. lymphocytes remain, bloodstream 4. when **actual pathogen infects**, able quickly produce large amt antibodies 5. **confers** immunity, **prevent spread**, infectious disease ## Footnote pathogen as vaccine works on **virus, bacteria**!!

Question 26

how antibiotics work

Answer 26

1. chemicals block metabolic **pathways** 2. either, **bacteriostatic, bactericidal** 3. inhibit enzymes involve, **DNA replication, DNA transcription, RNA Synthesis, protein synthesis by bacteria ribosomes, csm function, bacteria peptoglycian cell wall synthesis**

Question 27

bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

Answer 27

bacteriostatic -> prevent **growth**, reproduction bacteria bactericidal -> cause bacteria cell **death**

Question 28

Describe and explain antibiotics misuse

Answer 28

1. ineffective, viruses, structural, reproductive differences 2. viruses dun have cell wall, membranes, **targeted** antibiotics (only protein coat, sometimes lipid envelope) 2. virus reproduce, host cell enzymes, **ribosomes**, not affected, antibiotics 3. **misuse**, not completing course, **antibiotics** accelerate emergence antibiotic-resistant bacteria ## Footnote does not make sense, design antibiotics -> target host ribosomes

Question 29

how antibiotic resistant bacteria develop

Answer 29

1.**random gene mutation**, plasmid transfer -> bacteria cells in population, **genetic** variation in antibiotic resistance 2. antibiotics **exert selection pressure**, antibiotic resistant bacteria cells adapt better, **membrane cells** pump out antibiotics 3. bacteria cells, **sensitive** antibiotics die off 4. **misuse/not completing course, anitibiotics ->** antibiotic resistant bacteria, **survive** **treatment**, reproduce more daughter cells, inherit allele, antibiotic resistance 5. **proportion** population w/ antibiotic resistance allele, increase gradually many generations population evolve -> **antibiotic resistant** ## Footnote some bacteria may give antibiotic resistance -> other bacteria

Question 30

keywords for data description

Answer 30

**desc how data is** + comment data fluctuates around (avg of data), therefore showing **no obvious trend ()**