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Biology 2 > Ch.32 > Flashcards

Ch.32 Flashcards

1
Q

Heterotroph

A

-ingest own food

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2
Q

animals

A

-heterotrophs
-cells lack cell walls
-bodies held together by structural proteins (collagen)
-unique muscle and nervous tissue
-at least one larval stage
-made impact on land by 460 million years ago

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3
Q

Tissues

A

group of cells that have a common structure, functon or both

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4
Q

Blastula

A

-undergoes gastrulation (forms gastrula w/ different layers of embryonic tissues)

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5
Q

advantage of sexual reproduction

A

increase genetic variation

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6
Q

larva

A

sexually immature and morphologically distinct from adult
-undergoes metamorphosis

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7
Q

ediacaran biota

A

period classification that consists of all life forms there present on Earth during ediacaran period
-included in early animal fossil record
-dates from 565 to 550 million years ago

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8
Q

mesozoic era`

A

coral reefs emerged
-ancestors of plesiosaurs returned to water
-dinosaurs were dominant vertebrates
-first mammals emerged
-flowering plants and insects diversified

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9
Q

Cenozoic era

A

-followed mass extinction of terrestrial/marine animals (large, nonflying dinosaurs)
-mammals increased in size and explored vacated ecological niches
-global climate cooled

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10
Q

radial symmetry

A

some animals have no front/back or left/right
-often sessile or planktonic (drift/weak swimming)

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11
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

two-sided symmetry
-move more actively
-have central nervous system

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12
Q

cephalization

A

many sensory organs forming at the front end of body, forming a head

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13
Q

ectoderm

A

germ layer covering embryos surface

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14
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer
-lines digestive tube (archenteron)

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15
Q

diploblastic

A

-animal has both ectoderm and endoderm (cnidarians/comb jellies)

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16
Q

triploblastic

A

-animal that also have an intervening mesoderm layer (include bilaterians)
-flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates, others
-most have body cavity (coelom)

17
Q

mesoderm

A

-formed through gastrulation
-middle layer between endoderm and ectoderm

18
Q

coelom

A

true body cavity
-derived from mesoderm

19
Q

coelomates

A

-animal that possess a true coelom

20
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

-triptoblastic animal that possess a pseudocoelum (body cavity derived from endo/ectoderm
-fluid filled body cavity not lined by mesoderm

21
Q

acoelomates

A

-triploblastic animals that lack body cavity

22
Q

protostome development

A

-cleavage is spiral and determinate
-blastopore becomes the mouth

23
Q

deuterosome development

A

-cleavage is radial and indeterminate
-mesoderm buds from wall of the archenteron to form coelom
-blastopore becomes anus

24
Q

blastopore

A

-forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of gastrula
-makes digestive track

25
Q

Points in agreement

A

-all animals have common ancestor
-sponages are basal animals
-Eumetazoa is a clade of animals w/ true tissues
-bilaterians (most animal phyla belong to clade Bilateria)
-chordates and some other phyla belong to clade Deuterstomia

26
Q

ecdysozoans

A

-shed their exoskeletons through process called ecdysis

27
Q

lophotrochozoans

A

-lophophore
-trochozoan larval stage

28
Q

lophophore

A

horse shaped structure with ciliated tentacles around mouth in certain marine invertebrates
-feeding structure

29
Q

trochophore larva

A

distinct developmental stage in lophotrochozoans

30
Q

Phylogentic studies

A

-will likely provide further insights into animal evolutionary history

31
Q

vertebrates

A

-made transition to land around 360 million years ago

32
Q

body plan

A

set of morphological and developmental traits

33
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop complete embryo
-makes possible identical twins, and embryonic stem cells

34
Q

determinate cleavage

A

-mostly seen in arthropods, annelids, and mollusks (in most protosomes)
-cell division in fertilized/unfertilized egg resulting in daughter cells that are no longer able to produce a complete embryo by themselves

35
Q

2 clades for morphology-based tree for bilaterians

A

-deuterostomes
-protostomes

36
Q

recent molecular studies (contrasting 2 clades for bilaterians)

A

-indicate 3 bilaterians clades
-deuterstomia
-ecdysozoa
-lophotrochozoa

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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