Ch4 Study Guide

Question 0

What is the major function of the cell wall?

Answer 0

To prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than the outside

Question 1

Why is an endospore called a resting structure? Of what advantage is an endospore to a bacterial cell?

Answer 1

An endospore is called a resting structure because it provides a method for one cell to “rest,”or survive, as opposed to grow and reproduce. The protective endospore wall allows a bacterium to withstand adverse conditions in the environment.

Question 2

A group of bacteria that have unique structure and motility

Answer 2

Spirochetes

Question 3

How do Spirochetes move?

Answer 3

By means of axial filaments, or endoflagella

Question 4

Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell
-structure for motility found in Spirochetes

Answer 4

axial filaments/endoflagellum

Question 5

Occur at the poles of bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell

Answer 5

Fimbriae

Question 6

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

Answer 6

• cocci(berry shaped/spherical)
• bacillus (rod-shaped)
• spiral

Question 7

many prokaryotes secrete on their surface a substance called

Answer 7

Glycocalyx

Question 8

Where is glycocalyx produced?

Answer 8

Inside the cell and secreted to the cell surface

Question 9

If the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is described as a

Answer 9

Capsule

Question 10

The presence of a capsule can be determined by using which staining technique?

Answer 10

Negative staining

Question 11

If the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is described as a

Answer 11

Slime layer

Question 12

The degree to which a pathogen causes disease is called?

Answer 12

Virulence

Question 13

In certain species, capsules are important in contributing to?

Answer 13

Bacterial virulence

Question 14

By the cells of the host, capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria from?

Answer 14

Phagocytosis

Question 15

A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other is called an

Answer 15

Extra cellular polymeric substance (EPS)

Question 16

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria are called

Answer 16

Flagella

Question 17

Bacteria that lack flagella are referred to as

Answer 17

Atrichous (without projections)

Question 18

The movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus is called

Answer 18

Taxis

Question 19

What flagellar protein is useful for distinguishing among serovars, or variations within a species, of gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 19

H antigen

Question 20

Hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella and are used for attachment and transfer of DNA rather than for motility are called

Answer 20

pili

Question 21

used for attachment and transfer of DNA.

Answer 21

pili

Question 22

Gram-_______ bacteria contain pili.

Answer 22

negative

Question 23

Peptidoglycan consists of a repeating ______ attached by _______ to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell.

Answer 23

disaccharide, polypeptides

Question 24

Is it gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, that contain teichoic acid?

Answer 24

Only gram-positive bacteria contain teichoic acid

Question 25

The two classes of teichoic acids are: _____, which spans the peptidoglycan layer and is linked to the plasma membrane, and ______, which is linked to the peptidoglycan layer

Answer 25

lipoteichoic acid, wall teichoic acid

Question 26

Teichoic acids, which consist primarily of an ______ (such as glycerol or ribitol) and ____.

Answer 26

alcohol, phosphate

Question 27

Some pili are used to bring bacteria together allowing the transfer of DNA from one cell to another, in a process called _________.

Answer 27

conjugation

Question 28

The major function of the cell wall is to prevent bacterial cells from ________

Answer 28

rupturing

Question 29

The dissaccharide portion is made up of monosaccharides called ______ and _______.

Answer 29

1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) | 2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 30

Penicillin interferes with peptidoglycan in what way?

Answer 30

Interferes with the final linking of the peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross-bridges

Question 31

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane is a large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates and consists of three components:

Answer 31

1. Lipid A 2. A core polysacharride 3. O polysacharride

Question 32

When gram-negative bacteria die, they release ______, which functions as an ______.

Answer 32

lipid A, endotoxin

Question 33

What is responsible for the symptoms associated with infections by gram-negative bacteria such as fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting?

Answer 33

Lipid A

Question 34

The O polysaccharide functions as an ______ and is useful for distinguishing species of gram ____ bacteria.

Answer 34

antigen, negative

Question 35

The role of O polysaccharide is comparable | to that of ______ _____ in gram-positive cells.

Answer 35

teichoic acids

Question 36

When essential nutrients are depleted, certain gram-_____ bacteria, such as those of the genera Clostridium and Bacillus, form specialized "resting" cells called _____.

Answer 36

positive, endospores

Question 37

The major structures in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes are a _____ (containing DNA), particles called ______, and reserve deposits called ______.

Answer 37

nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions

Question 38

What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

Answer 38

- explains the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes - both mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be independent living external organisms, used to be bacteria, that were engulfed by bigger cells by phagocytosis

Question 39

Why do we consume fiber?

Answer 39

- adds regularity to bowel movements - lowers cholesterol LDL - acts as a sponge that removes toxic materials, and decreases chance of colon cancer

Question 40

thick peptidoglycan layer, 60-90% of cell wall | Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

Answer 40

Gram-positive

Question 41

- thin peptidoglycan layer; 10-20% of cell wall - no teichoic acid - lipopolysaccharide that has three components: lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O polysaccharide

Answer 41

Gram-negative

Question 42

-component of gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin

Answer 42

Lipid A

Question 43

- Role is to provide stability | - it is attached to Lipid A and contains unusual sugars

Answer 43

Core polysaccharide

Question 44

- extends outward from the core polysaccharide - composed of sugar molecules - functions as an antigen and is useful for distinguishing species of gram-negative bacteria

Answer 44

O polysaccharide

Question 45

- the fluid component inside the plasma membrane | - mostly water, with inorganic and organic molecules, DNA, ribosomes, and inclusions

Answer 45

Cytoplasm

Question 46

The fluid portion of cytoplasm

Answer 46

Cytosol

Question 47

the region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome | -contains the DNA of bacterial chromosome

Answer 47

Nucleoid

Question 48

a small circular DNA molecular that replicates independently of the chromosome

Answer 48

Plasmid

Question 49

Endospores contain a large amount of organic acid called

Answer 49

Dipicolinic acid

Question 50

protects the endospore DNA against damage

Answer 50

Dipicolinic acid

Question 51

protects bacteria from boiling, acids, and bases

Answer 51

Calcium dipicolinate

Question 52

3 germs are known for undergoing endospore formation

Answer 52

* clostridium * bacillus * sporosaraina

Question 53

The process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell takes several hours and is known as

Answer 53

sporulation or sporogenesis

Question 54

Vegetative cells of endospore-forming bacteria begin sporulation when?

Answer 54

a key nutrient, such as carbon or nitrogen source, becomes scarce or unavailable

Question 55

an endospore can remain dormant for how long?

Answer 55

thousands of years

Question 56

an endospore returns to its vegetative state by a process called

Answer 56

Germination

Question 57

how is germination triggered?

Answer 57

By physical or chemical damage to the endospore's coat

Question 58

Metabolism resumes when?

Answer 58

the Endospores enzymes then break down the extra layers surrounding the endospore

Question 59

Sporulation in bacteria is not a means of reproduction because?

Answer 59

one vegetative cell forms a single endospore, which, after germination, remains one cell

Question 60

Vegetative cells are killed by temperatures above?

Answer 60

70C

Question 61

Endospores can survive in what type of environment?

Answer 61

In boiling water for several hours

Question 62

Thermophilic (heat-loving) Endospores can survive in boiling water for?

Answer 62

19 hours

Question 63

describe lysozyme?

Answer 63

- natural source, found spit - breaks down peptidoglycan - cuts the bond of NAM and NAG

Question 64

One way the cell can be damaged is by exposure to the digestive enzyme

Answer 64

Lysozyme

Question 65

Where is the lysozyme particularly active?

Answer 65

On the major cell wall components of most gram-positive bacteria, making them vulnerable to lysis

Question 66

A gram-positive bacteria or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall *no specific, shape all that is left is the plasma membrane

Answer 66

Protoplast

Question 67

A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical shape

Answer 67

Spheroplast

Question 68

Three types of of osmotic solutions

Answer 68

* isotonic solutions * hypotonic solution * hypertonic solution

Question 69

a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell,

Answer 69

Isotonic solution

Question 70

Water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate (no net change); the cell's contents are in equilibrium with the solution outside the cell wall

Answer 70

Isotonic solution

Question 71

Outside the cell is a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than inside the cell

Answer 71

hypotonic solution

Question 72

Most bacteria live in what kind solution?

Answer 72

* hypotonic solution | * the cell wall resists further osmosis and protects cells from lysis

Question 73

A medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has

Answer 73

Hypertonic solution

Question 74

What happens to bacterial cells in hypertonic solution?

Answer 74

*the bacterial cells placed in a hypertonic solution shrink and collapse or plasmolyze because water leaves the cells by osmosis

Question 75

Is the plasmolysis of red blood cells when exposed to a hypertonic solution

Answer 75

Crenation

Question 76

Describe penicillin

Answer 76

* a betalactum antibiotic * only works if the bacteria is actively dividing * inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan

Question 77

If you treat a gram (+) bacterial cell with lysozyme, then it breaks down the cell wall (peptidoglycan) leaving the cell without a cell wall is called?

Answer 77

Protoplast

Question 78

If you treat a gram (-) bacterial cell with lysozyme, then it breaks down the cell wall (peptidoglycan) by breaking down the glycocytic bonds between NAM & NAG leaving the bacterial cell without a cell wall is known as?

Answer 78

Spheroplast

Question 79

Difference between a spheroplast and a protoplast?

Answer 79

spheroplast---> gram (-) bacterial cell without cell wall | protoplast----> gram (+) bacterial cell without cell wall

Question 80

Most prokaryotes range between

Answer 80

0.5-2.0 micrometers

Question 81

Human blood cells range between

Answer 81

7.5 micrometers in diameter

Question 82

Spiral bacteria are how long?

Answer 82

60 micrometers long

Question 83

Typically bacteria displays 3 basic shapes which are?

Answer 83

* coccus(cooci)----> spiral shaped bacteria * bacillus-----> rod-liked shape bacteria * coccobacilli------> short rod intermediate between a cocci and a bacillus

Question 84

A common shape bacteria

Answer 84

Vibria

Question 85

A rigid, wavy-shaped bacteria

Answer 85

Spirillum/ spirilla

Question 86

A corkscrew-shaped bacteria

Answer 86

Spirochete

Question 87

What is pleomorphism?

Answer 87

Pleomorphic bacteria that have no specific shape

Question 88

How does bacteria divide?

Answer 88

By binary fission, but sometimes bacteria divide and remain stuck together

Question 89

How long does it take for E. coli to divide?

Answer 89

20 mins

Question 90

Bacteria that lack flagella

Answer 90

Atrichous

Question 91

Having flagella distributed over the entire cell

Answer 91

Peritrichous

Question 92

Having a single flagellum

Answer 92

Monotrichous

Question 93

Having flagella at both ends of a cell

Answer 93

Amphitrichous

Question 94

Kills bacteria

Answer 94

Bactericidal

Question 95

Kills microbes and inactivates viruses

Answer 95

Germicide