Exam 2 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
The study of fungus is known as
A
Mycology
2
Q
At what speed do fungi grow?
A
Very slow
3
Q
An important note about fungal diseases.
A
They have a much longer lag time. It takes weeks, months, and even years to get rid of a fungus
4
Q
Although diverse, there are three major groups of fungi of practical importance which include:
A
- molds
- yeasts
- mushrooms
5
Q
Filamentous fungi
A
Mold
6
Q
Each filament is called
A
Hypha or hyphae
7
Q
A long filament of cells in fungi
A
Hypha or hyphae
8
Q
Hyphae grow together across a surface and form compact tufts, collectively called
A
Mycelium
9
Q
The portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients is called
A
The vegetative hypha
10
Q
The portion of a hypha concerned with reproduction is called
A
The reproductive or aerial hypha
11
Q
Mass of long, threadlike structures “hyphae” that branch and intertwine
A
Mycelium
12
Q
Unicellular fungi
A
Yeasts
13
Q
Usually do not form filaments or mycelium and are usually spherical, oval, or cylindrical
A
Yeasts
14
Q
Yeasts that divide unevenly
A
Budding yeasts
15
Q
Short chain of buds or cells that failed to detach during budding
A
Pseudohyphae
16
Q
Yeasts that divide evenly to produce two new cells
A
Fission yeasts
17
Q
Some hyphae exhibit sexual reproduction by a process called
A
Mating
18
Q
In the process called mating, what results?
A
Two yeasts cells fuse, resulting into a zygote
19
Q
Why isn’t a mushroom considered a plant?
A
They cannot photosynthesize
20
Q
In most mold hyphae contain cross-walls called
A
Septa
21
Q
A cross-wall in a fungal hyphae
A
Septa or septum
22
Q
A hypha consisting of uninucleate cell-like units
A
Septate hyphae
23
Q
A filamentous fungi that typically form large structures called fruiting bodies
A
Mushrooms
24
Q
What are fruiting bodies?
A
The edible of the mushroom
25
Hyphae devoid of cross-walls
Coenocytic hyphae
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Coenocytic hypahe is also known as
Non-septate hypha
27
Digest dead organic matter and organic waste
Saprophytes
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Organism that lives at the expense of another organism, and obtain nutrients from other organisms
Parasite
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A fungus growing in symbiosis with plant roots
Mycorrhizae
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A fungus that can reproduce sexually and asexually
Yeasts
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Formed in response to a defective or sick cell
Woronin body
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Fungi have a cell wall whose main component is?
Chitin
33
Example of coenocytic hyphae
Bread mold--> rhizopus stolonifer
34
The ability of a fungus to alter its structure when it changes habitats, most notably the pathogenic ones
Fungal dimorphism
35
How do filamentous reproduce?
Asexually by fragmentations of their hyphae
36
How does asexual and sexual reproduction occur?
Occur by spores formed from the aerial hyphae
37
Formed by hypae of one organism through mitosis
Asexual spores
38
Results from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species
Sexual spores
39
Between asexual and sexual spores which occurs more frequently?
Asexual spores
40
A fungal sexual spore results from sexual reproduction, which consists of three phases:
* plasmogamy
* karyogamy
* meiosis
41
A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-)
Plasmogamy
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If the nuclei fail to unite, a "two nucleus" structure results
Dikaryotic
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The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus
Karyogamy
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The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), so,e of which may be genetic recombinant
Meiosis
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Any fungal infection
Mycoses
46
Generally chronic (long-lasting) infections because fungi grow slowly
Mycoses
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Types of Mycoses include:
* systemic
* subcutaneous
* cutaneous
* superficial
48
Type of Mycoses that invade internal organs and viscera
Systemic mycoses
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Type of mycoses that affects skin layers beneath keratinized tissue and can spread to lymph vessels
Subcutaneous mycoses
50
Type of mycoses that infect only epidermis, hairs, and nails
Cutaneous mycoses
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Type of mycoses that affects only keratinized tissue in the skin, hair, and nails
Superficial mycoses
52
A combination of a green alga (or a cyanobacterium) and a fungus
Lichen
53
The division of true fungi (Eumycophyta) contains the following class:
* oomycetes
* chytridomycetes
* zygomycetes
* ascomycetes
* basidiomycetes
* deuteromycetes
54
Does fungi need oxygen to survive or can they live without it?
Fungi are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs
55
A fungal thallus consist of?
filaments of cells called hyphae
56
How are fungi classified?
according to rRNA
57
Sporangiospores and conidiospores are produced?
asexually
58
Sexual spores are usually produced in response to?
Usually in response to changes in the environment
59
What types of environments can fungi grow in?
Acidic, low moisture
60
Fungi are able to metabolize?
complex carbohydrates
61
Describe zygomycota?
they have coenocytic hyphae (nonseptate hyphae) and produce sporangiospores and zygospores
62
An example of zygomycycetes?
rhizopus stolonifer (common bread mold)
63
What are systemic mycoses?
fungal infections deep withinthe body that affect many tissues and organs
64
What are opportunistic mycoses?
they are caused by fungi that are not usually pathogenic
65
the study of viruses
virology
66
infectious agents that have no nucleus, no organelles, nor cytoplasm; they are obligate parasites, that is, they must be inside a living host cell to replicate of multiply
viruses
67
viruses are surrounded by a protein coat called
a capsid
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a lipid bilayer membrane that surround certain viruses
an envelope
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what do viruses use to replicate themselves inside the host?
their genome, their genetic information
70
Viral genomes are either?
DNA or RNA
71
Viral nucleic acid can either be?
single-stranded or double-stranded, linear, circular, or segmented
72
A capsid is a protein coat composed of many
Capsomeres
73
protein subunits that compose a capsid
capsomere
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viruses that infect bacterial cells
bacteriophage or phage
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a complete virus particle, including its envelope, if it has one
virion
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a virus with no envelope is called
nucleocapsid
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a nucleocapsid is also known as?
naked or nonenvelope virus
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RNA viruses are usually termed
retroviruses
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the presence of spikes in certain viruses cause certain blood cells to clump, useful in certain viral identification
hemagglutination
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explain disease species barrier
parasites or pathogens that are highly specific to the host they can infect and produce disease in
81
what is the purpose of spikes?
spikes serve the virus by attaching itself to the host cell surface receptor
82
a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche
viral species
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the sequence of events in which a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, replicates, and eventually causes lysis of the cell
lytic cycle
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the ability of temperature bacteriophages to persist in a bacterium by the integration of the viral DNA into the host chromosome and without the replication of new viruses or cell lysis
lysogeny
85
As viruses reprogram host cells they make?
they make host cells reproduce their genetic machinery
86
Nucleic acid---> DNA & RNA are referred to as
"Piece of bad news wrapped up in a protein"
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Nucleic acid is sometimes known as the
Core
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Inside shell of protein capsid
The core
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Immunity to virus whose nucleic acid of the same type is already inside
Lysogenic conversion
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Bacteria acquire new capabilities that it did not have before, not pathogenic
Also known as lysogenic conversion
91
Have no limit and can infect everything
Viruses
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Depending on the virus there are projections known as
Spikes
93
What kind of viruses are more resistant to environmental conditions?
Naked or nonenveloped viruses
94
What pH level destroys envelopes?
pH 6 or above
95
Example of an enveloped RNA virus
HIV
96
Infect skin or the epithelial layer
Dermotropic viruses
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Infect nerve tissues
Neurotrophic virus
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Infect any organ of digestive track
Viscerotropic virus
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affect respiratory system
Pneumotropic virus
100
Types of nucleic avid
DNA and RNA
101
In order for a virus to be able to hurt you it has to?
It has to replicate
102
Can viruses survive outside of the host?
yes, but only for a short time
103
The visible effects viruses have on cells
Cytopathic effect (CPE)
104
What are ergot alkaloids?
they are produced by a fungus called claviceps purpurea
105
what is claviceps purpurea?
mostly but not limited to rye grain
106
What do ergot alkaloids produce?
they produce alpha-adrenergic blockade, which restricts the response of epenephrine
107
many agricultural pest such as rust and smut are?
basidiomycetes
108
According to what kingdoms viruses infect
a) plant
b) animal
c) fungal
d) protist
e) bacterial
109
drug or other agent that interferes with the development of an embryo or fetus
teratogen
110
three human viruses accounting for a large number of teratogenic effects
1) cytomegalovirus (CMV)
2) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) (type 1 and 2)
3) Rubella
111
A series of blood test is referred to as a
TORCH series
112
A torch series is used to?
identify teratogenic in pregnant women and newborn infants
113
What does the T is torch stand for?
Toxoplasm
114
What does the O in torch stand for?
other: hepatitis B, Varicula, and chicken pox virus
115
What does the R in torch stand for?
rubella
116
What does the C in torch stand for?
CMV(Cytomegalovirus)
117
What does the H in torch stand for?
HSV(Herpes Simplex Virus)
118
Viral replication occurs in what 5 steps?
1) Adsorption or attachment
2) Penetration
3) Biosynthesis
4) Maturation
5) Release
119
describe the adsorption or attachment replication phase.
During this process, an attachment site on the virus attaches to a complementary receptor site on the bacterial cell
120
describe the penetration phase
the tail sheath of the phage contracts, and the tail core is driven through the cell wall.
the entry to the host
121
describe the biosynthesis phase
synthesis of all viral parts, nucleic acids, molecules, capsid proteins, and other viral components
122
describe the maturation phase
the assembly of the newly synthesized viral components into complete viruses
123
describe the release phase
departure of new virions from the host cell
124
stages in viral development that result in the incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA
lysogenic cycle
125
lysogeny phages are also called
temperate phages
126
viral DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA
prophage
127
a complete, fully developed viral particle
virion
128
combination between bacterium and temperate phage
lysogen
129
the easiest viruses to grow are
bacteriophages
130
lysogenic cells become immune to reinfection with the same phage and many undergo phage conversion because of?
lysogeny
131
a lysogenic phage can transfer bacterial genes from one cell to another through
transduction
132
the visible effects viruses have on cells
cytopathic effect (CPE)
133
the cytopathic effect includes
a) change in cell shape
b) detachment from adjacent cells
c) change in cell size (fusion)
134
short pieces of naked RNA with no protein coat
viroids
135
giant multinucleate cell
syncytia
