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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of fungus is known as

A

Mycology

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2
Q

At what speed do fungi grow?

A

Very slow

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3
Q

An important note about fungal diseases.

A

They have a much longer lag time. It takes weeks, months, and even years to get rid of a fungus

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4
Q

Although diverse, there are three major groups of fungi of practical importance which include:

A
  • molds
  • yeasts
  • mushrooms
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5
Q

Filamentous fungi

A

Mold

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6
Q

Each filament is called

A

Hypha or hyphae

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7
Q

A long filament of cells in fungi

A

Hypha or hyphae

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8
Q

Hyphae grow together across a surface and form compact tufts, collectively called

A

Mycelium

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9
Q

The portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients is called

A

The vegetative hypha

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10
Q

The portion of a hypha concerned with reproduction is called

A

The reproductive or aerial hypha

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11
Q

Mass of long, threadlike structures “hyphae” that branch and intertwine

A

Mycelium

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12
Q

Unicellular fungi

A

Yeasts

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13
Q

Usually do not form filaments or mycelium and are usually spherical, oval, or cylindrical

A

Yeasts

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14
Q

Yeasts that divide unevenly

A

Budding yeasts

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15
Q

Short chain of buds or cells that failed to detach during budding

A

Pseudohyphae

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16
Q

Yeasts that divide evenly to produce two new cells

A

Fission yeasts

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17
Q

Some hyphae exhibit sexual reproduction by a process called

A

Mating

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18
Q

In the process called mating, what results?

A

Two yeasts cells fuse, resulting into a zygote

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19
Q

Why isn’t a mushroom considered a plant?

A

They cannot photosynthesize

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20
Q

In most mold hyphae contain cross-walls called

A

Septa

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21
Q

A cross-wall in a fungal hyphae

A

Septa or septum

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22
Q

A hypha consisting of uninucleate cell-like units

A

Septate hyphae

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23
Q

A filamentous fungi that typically form large structures called fruiting bodies

A

Mushrooms

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24
Q

What are fruiting bodies?

A

The edible of the mushroom

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25
Q

Hyphae devoid of cross-walls

A

Coenocytic hyphae

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26
Q

Coenocytic hypahe is also known as

A

Non-septate hypha

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27
Q

Digest dead organic matter and organic waste

A

Saprophytes

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28
Q

Organism that lives at the expense of another organism, and obtain nutrients from other organisms

A

Parasite

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29
Q

A fungus growing in symbiosis with plant roots

A

Mycorrhizae

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30
Q

A fungus that can reproduce sexually and asexually

A

Yeasts

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31
Q

Formed in response to a defective or sick cell

A

Woronin body

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32
Q

Fungi have a cell wall whose main component is?

A

Chitin

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33
Q

Example of coenocytic hyphae

A

Bread mold–> rhizopus stolonifer

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34
Q

The ability of a fungus to alter its structure when it changes habitats, most notably the pathogenic ones

A

Fungal dimorphism

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35
Q

How do filamentous reproduce?

A

Asexually by fragmentations of their hyphae

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36
Q

How does asexual and sexual reproduction occur?

A

Occur by spores formed from the aerial hyphae

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37
Q

Formed by hypae of one organism through mitosis

A

Asexual spores

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38
Q

Results from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species

A

Sexual spores

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39
Q

Between asexual and sexual spores which occurs more frequently?

A

Asexual spores

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40
Q

A fungal sexual spore results from sexual reproduction, which consists of three phases:

A
  • plasmogamy
  • karyogamy
  • meiosis
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41
Q

A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-)

A

Plasmogamy

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42
Q

If the nuclei fail to unite, a “two nucleus” structure results

A

Dikaryotic

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43
Q

The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus

A

Karyogamy

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44
Q

The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), so,e of which may be genetic recombinant

A

Meiosis

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45
Q

Any fungal infection

A

Mycoses

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46
Q

Generally chronic (long-lasting) infections because fungi grow slowly

A

Mycoses

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47
Q

Types of Mycoses include:

A
  • systemic
  • subcutaneous
  • cutaneous
  • superficial
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48
Q

Type of Mycoses that invade internal organs and viscera

A

Systemic mycoses

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49
Q

Type of mycoses that affects skin layers beneath keratinized tissue and can spread to lymph vessels

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

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50
Q

Type of mycoses that infect only epidermis, hairs, and nails

A

Cutaneous mycoses

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51
Q

Type of mycoses that affects only keratinized tissue in the skin, hair, and nails

A

Superficial mycoses

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52
Q

A combination of a green alga (or a cyanobacterium) and a fungus

A

Lichen

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53
Q

The division of true fungi (Eumycophyta) contains the following class:

A
  • oomycetes
  • chytridomycetes
  • zygomycetes
  • ascomycetes
  • basidiomycetes
  • deuteromycetes
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54
Q

Does fungi need oxygen to survive or can they live without it?

A

Fungi are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs

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55
Q

A fungal thallus consist of?

A

filaments of cells called hyphae

56
Q

How are fungi classified?

A

according to rRNA

57
Q

Sporangiospores and conidiospores are produced?

A

asexually

58
Q

Sexual spores are usually produced in response to?

A

Usually in response to changes in the environment

59
Q

What types of environments can fungi grow in?

A

Acidic, low moisture

60
Q

Fungi are able to metabolize?

A

complex carbohydrates

61
Q

Describe zygomycota?

A

they have coenocytic hyphae (nonseptate hyphae) and produce sporangiospores and zygospores

62
Q

An example of zygomycycetes?

A

rhizopus stolonifer (common bread mold)

63
Q

What are systemic mycoses?

A

fungal infections deep withinthe body that affect many tissues and organs

64
Q

What are opportunistic mycoses?

A

they are caused by fungi that are not usually pathogenic

65
Q

the study of viruses

A

virology

66
Q

infectious agents that have no nucleus, no organelles, nor cytoplasm; they are obligate parasites, that is, they must be inside a living host cell to replicate of multiply

A

viruses

67
Q

viruses are surrounded by a protein coat called

A

a capsid

68
Q

a lipid bilayer membrane that surround certain viruses

A

an envelope

69
Q

what do viruses use to replicate themselves inside the host?

A

their genome, their genetic information

70
Q

Viral genomes are either?

A

DNA or RNA

71
Q

Viral nucleic acid can either be?

A

single-stranded or double-stranded, linear, circular, or segmented

72
Q

A capsid is a protein coat composed of many

A

Capsomeres

73
Q

protein subunits that compose a capsid

A

capsomere

74
Q

viruses that infect bacterial cells

A

bacteriophage or phage

75
Q

a complete virus particle, including its envelope, if it has one

A

virion

76
Q

a virus with no envelope is called

A

nucleocapsid

77
Q

a nucleocapsid is also known as?

A

naked or nonenvelope virus

78
Q

RNA viruses are usually termed

A

retroviruses

79
Q

the presence of spikes in certain viruses cause certain blood cells to clump, useful in certain viral identification

A

hemagglutination

80
Q

explain disease species barrier

A

parasites or pathogens that are highly specific to the host they can infect and produce disease in

81
Q

what is the purpose of spikes?

A

spikes serve the virus by attaching itself to the host cell surface receptor

82
Q

a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche

A

viral species

83
Q

the sequence of events in which a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, replicates, and eventually causes lysis of the cell

A

lytic cycle

84
Q

the ability of temperature bacteriophages to persist in a bacterium by the integration of the viral DNA into the host chromosome and without the replication of new viruses or cell lysis

A

lysogeny

85
Q

As viruses reprogram host cells they make?

A

they make host cells reproduce their genetic machinery

86
Q

Nucleic acid—> DNA & RNA are referred to as

A

“Piece of bad news wrapped up in a protein”

87
Q

Nucleic acid is sometimes known as the

A

Core

88
Q

Inside shell of protein capsid

A

The core

89
Q

Immunity to virus whose nucleic acid of the same type is already inside

A

Lysogenic conversion

90
Q

Bacteria acquire new capabilities that it did not have before, not pathogenic

A

Also known as lysogenic conversion

91
Q

Have no limit and can infect everything

A

Viruses

92
Q

Depending on the virus there are projections known as

A

Spikes

93
Q

What kind of viruses are more resistant to environmental conditions?

A

Naked or nonenveloped viruses

94
Q

What pH level destroys envelopes?

A

pH 6 or above

95
Q

Example of an enveloped RNA virus

A

HIV

96
Q

Infect skin or the epithelial layer

A

Dermotropic viruses

97
Q

Infect nerve tissues

A

Neurotrophic virus

98
Q

Infect any organ of digestive track

A

Viscerotropic virus

99
Q

affect respiratory system

A

Pneumotropic virus

100
Q

Types of nucleic avid

A

DNA and RNA

101
Q

In order for a virus to be able to hurt you it has to?

A

It has to replicate

102
Q

Can viruses survive outside of the host?

A

yes, but only for a short time

103
Q

The visible effects viruses have on cells

A

Cytopathic effect (CPE)

104
Q

What are ergot alkaloids?

A

they are produced by a fungus called claviceps purpurea

105
Q

what is claviceps purpurea?

A

mostly but not limited to rye grain

106
Q

What do ergot alkaloids produce?

A

they produce alpha-adrenergic blockade, which restricts the response of epenephrine

107
Q

many agricultural pest such as rust and smut are?

A

basidiomycetes

108
Q

According to what kingdoms viruses infect

A

a) plant
b) animal
c) fungal
d) protist
e) bacterial

109
Q

drug or other agent that interferes with the development of an embryo or fetus

A

teratogen

110
Q

three human viruses accounting for a large number of teratogenic effects

A

1) cytomegalovirus (CMV)
2) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) (type 1 and 2)
3) Rubella

111
Q

A series of blood test is referred to as a

A

TORCH series

112
Q

A torch series is used to?

A

identify teratogenic in pregnant women and newborn infants

113
Q

What does the T is torch stand for?

A

Toxoplasm

114
Q

What does the O in torch stand for?

A

other: hepatitis B, Varicula, and chicken pox virus

115
Q

What does the R in torch stand for?

A

rubella

116
Q

What does the C in torch stand for?

A

CMV(Cytomegalovirus)

117
Q

What does the H in torch stand for?

A

HSV(Herpes Simplex Virus)

118
Q

Viral replication occurs in what 5 steps?

A

1) Adsorption or attachment
2) Penetration
3) Biosynthesis
4) Maturation
5) Release

119
Q

describe the adsorption or attachment replication phase.

A

During this process, an attachment site on the virus attaches to a complementary receptor site on the bacterial cell

120
Q

describe the penetration phase

A

the tail sheath of the phage contracts, and the tail core is driven through the cell wall.
the entry to the host

121
Q

describe the biosynthesis phase

A

synthesis of all viral parts, nucleic acids, molecules, capsid proteins, and other viral components

122
Q

describe the maturation phase

A

the assembly of the newly synthesized viral components into complete viruses

123
Q

describe the release phase

A

departure of new virions from the host cell

124
Q

stages in viral development that result in the incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA

A

lysogenic cycle

125
Q

lysogeny phages are also called

A

temperate phages

126
Q

viral DNA inserted into the host cell’s DNA

A

prophage

127
Q

a complete, fully developed viral particle

A

virion

128
Q

combination between bacterium and temperate phage

A

lysogen

129
Q

the easiest viruses to grow are

A

bacteriophages

130
Q

lysogenic cells become immune to reinfection with the same phage and many undergo phage conversion because of?

A

lysogeny

131
Q

a lysogenic phage can transfer bacterial genes from one cell to another through

A

transduction

132
Q

the visible effects viruses have on cells

A

cytopathic effect (CPE)

133
Q

the cytopathic effect includes

A

a) change in cell shape
b) detachment from adjacent cells
c) change in cell size (fusion)

134
Q

short pieces of naked RNA with no protein coat

A

viroids

135
Q

giant multinucleate cell

A

syncytia

Microbiology (7 decks)

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