Exam 3

Question 1

it takes three factors or parameters for an infectious disease to establish

Answer 1

disease triangle

Question 2

what are the 3 components of the disease triangle?

Answer 2

• susceptible host
• environmental factors
• etiologic (causative) infectious agent

Question 3

an organism that harbors another organism

Answer 3

host

Question 4

A symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association.

Answer 4

Mutualism

Question 5

is the close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species

Answer 5

symbiosis

Question 6

you and the microbe that lives with you

Answer 6

symbionts

Question 7

A form of symbiosis between two organisms of different species in which one of them benefits from the association whereas the other is largely unaffected or not significantly harmed or benefiting from the relationship.

Answer 7

commensalism

Question 8

An organism that obtains nourishment and shelter on another organism.

Answer 8

parasite

Question 9

A form of symbiosis in which one organism (called parasite) benefits at the expense of another organism usually of different species (called host). The association may also lead to the injury of the host.

Answer 9

parasitism

Question 10

The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms/microbe into a wound or sewage into a stream.

Answer 10

contamination

Question 11

takes place when microbes begin to multiply, invade, and colonize within or upon the host body

Answer 11

infection

Question 12

a disturbance in the state of health where in the body cannot carry out its normal function

Answer 12

disease

Question 13

vary in their abilities to disrupt state of health on an individual

Answer 13

pathogen

Question 14

An agent causing disease or illness to its host, such as an organism or infectious particle capable of producing a disease in another organism.

Answer 14

pathogen

Question 15

capacity to produce disease, relative ability of a pathogen to overcome defenses and cause disease

Answer 15

pathogencity

Question 16

The degree or ability of a pathogenic organism to cause disease.

Answer 16

virulence

Question 17

rapid transfer of the pathogen through animals of the same species increases virulence of pathogens

Answer 17

animal passage definition

Question 18

every time a pathogen goes from one organism to another it becomes more severe

Answer 18

animal passage

Question 19

organisms that live in or on the body but do not cause disease

Answer 19

normal flora/ indigenous microbiota

Question 20

an adult human body contains 10 trillion eukaryotic cells, you harbor an additional 100 trillion prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells on skin surfaces, mucus membrane, in the passage ways of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems.

Answer 20

normal flora or indigenous microbiota

Question 21

obtain nutrients from host secretions

Answer 21

commensals

Question 22

comprise microbes that are always present on or in the human body

Answer 22

resident microbiota

Question 23

only present in certain conditions, persists for hours, weeks, and months but not there externally.
*found in local regions

Answer 23

transient microbiota

Question 24

How do you acquire 100 trillion cells?

Answer 24

• it doesn’t start at 100 trillion, fetus exists as entity

* during passage through birth canal fetus acquires microbes that will be temporary or permanent

Question 25

some species don't cause disease, however under other conditions that can be a problem

Answer 25

among resident microbia

Question 26

do not usually cause disease but can do so under certain conditions

Answer 26

opportunists

Question 27

An infectious microorganism that is normally a commensal or does not harm its host but can cause disease when the host’s resistance is low.

Answer 27

opportunistic pathogen

Question 28

Example of opportunistic pathogen

Answer 28

AIDs will develop pneumocystis pneumonia

Question 29

caused by any factor other than infectious organisms

Answer 29

noninfectious disease

Question 30

caused by infectious agents such as protozoa, fungi,

Answer 30

infectious disease

Question 31

The classification of noninfectious diseases include?

Answer 31

* inherited diseases * congenital diseases * degenerative diseases * nutritional deficiency disease * endocrine disease * mental disease * immunological disease * neoplastic * iatrogenic disease * idiopathic disease

Question 32

Caused by errors in genetic information

Answer 32

Inherited diseases

Question 33

Structural or functional defects that are present at birth

Answer 33

Congenital disease

Question 34

Example of congenital disease.

Answer 34

* excessive x-ray exposure | * drugs

Question 35

Develop in one or more body systems/parts as you age

Answer 35

Degenerative diseases

Question 36

Example of degenerative diseases.

Answer 36

* pollio | * bacterial endocarditis

Question 37

After effect of a disease even after virus is long gone

Answer 37

Sequelae

Question 38

Example of sequelae.

Answer 38

*bacterial endocarditis

Question 39

when you don't eat well, have chronic malnutrition you are more prone to infectious diseases

Answer 39

Nutritional deficiency disease

Question 40

Excess or deficiency of hormones

Answer 40

Endocrine disease

Question 41

Example of endocrine disease.

Answer 41

*infection of pancreas can cause you to become diabetic

Question 42

Caused by variety of factors

Answer 42

Mental disease

Question 43

Example of mental disorders

Answer 43

*bipolar disorder

Question 44

Caused by malfunctions of immune systems

Answer 44

Immunological disease

Question 45

Example of immunological disease.

Answer 45

* allergies | * autoimmune disease

Question 46

Involve abnormal cell growth that lead to the formation to various types of tumors

Answer 46

Neoplastic disease

Question 47

Caused by medical procedures or treatments

Answer 47

Iatrogenic diseases

Question 48

Example of iatrogenic disease.

Answer 48

* drug reactions, infections acquired from hospital treatments * nosocomial disease

Question 49

Diseases whose cause is unknown

Answer 49

Idiopathic disease

Question 50

Example of idiopathic disease

Answer 50

Fibromyalgia

Question 51

Characteristics of disease that can be observed by examine the patient

Answer 51

Sign

Question 52

Examples of sign

Answer 52

Swelling, redness, coughing

Question 53

Characteristics of disease that can be observed or felt only by the patient

Answer 53

Symptom

Question 54

Combined by sign and symptom that occurs together and are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal condition

Answer 54

Syndrome

Question 55

Sign that is highly particular to specific disease

Answer 55

Pathognomonic

Question 56

A noticeable impairment of body function

Answer 56

Disease

Question 57

Occur when disease symptoms develop rapidly and runs course quickly as well

Answer 57

Acute disease

Question 58

Example of acute disease

Answer 58

Influenza

Question 59

Disease when symptoms occur slowly and disease is slow to disappear

Answer 59

Chronic disease

Question 60

Symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic

Answer 60

Subacute

Question 61

Appear and/or reappear long after infection

Answer 61

Latent disease

Question 62

Confide to small region of the body

Answer 62

Local infection

Question 63

Terms associated with infectious diseases include?

Answer 63

* acute disease * chronic disease * subacute * latent disease * local infection * focal infection * systemic infection

Question 64

infection in confined region which pathogen travels to other regions of the body

Answer 64

focal infection

Question 65

pathogen is spread throughout the body, commonly through blood or lymph

Answer 65

systemic infection

Question 66

toxic inflammatory condition from spread of microbes

Answer 66

sepsis

Question 67

presence and multiplication of pathogens in the blood stream

Answer 67

septicemia

Question 68

characterized by the presence but not the multiplication of bacteria in the blood

Answer 68

bacteremia

Question 69

characterized by the presence but not the multiplication of viruses in the blood

Answer 69

viremia

Question 70

presence of toxins in the blood

Answer 70

toxemia

Question 71

presence of metabolic product of saprophytes

Answer 71

sapremia

Question 72

An organism (especially a plant or plant-like) that feeds, absorbs or grows on decaying organic matter

Answer 72

saprophytes

Question 73

infection in a previously healthy person

Answer 73

primary infection

Question 74

infection that occurs immediately that follows/results from a primary infection, infection occurs due to weaken immune system

Answer 74

secondary infection

Question 75

an infection that occurs in the decline phase

Answer 75

secondary infection

Question 76

secondary infection that is usually a replacement of the microbiota, can also be caused by a strain of antibiotics

Answer 76

superinfection

Question 77

caused by two or more pathogens

Answer 77

mixed infection

Question 78

mild or no symptoms at all/ goes unnoticed, fails to produce full set of signs and symptoms

Answer 78

inapparent infection

Question 79

time between infection and appearance of signs/symptoms

Answer 79

incubation period

Question 80

* can be dangerous b/c you can infect another person without knowing * the length of this period is determined by pathogens and response to host

Answer 80

incubation period

Question 81

short period during which non-specific and mild symptoms such as malaise or headache appear

Answer 81

prodromal period

Question 82

many infectious diseases lack what period/phases

Answer 82

prodromal period

Question 83

signs/symptoms of disease occur, within this phase there are sub-phases

Answer 83

illness phase

Question 84

it may peak and have a valley

Answer 84

peak of a disease in the illness phase

Question 85

pathogens that damage tissue

Answer 85

acme-pathogens

Question 86

when the symptoms of signs begin to subside as effects of medication your taking or your body defense overcome the pathogen

Answer 86

decline phase

Question 87

tissues are repaired, healing takes place, body regains strength and recovers

Answer 87

convalecence phase

Question 88

any substance produced by one organism and that is poisonous to another organism, some but not all bacteria produce this

Answer 88

toxin

Question 89

part of cell wall/envelope of most gram-negative bacteria | *released when: bacteria divide and when bacterial cells are dead/die

Answer 89

endotoxin

Question 90

soluble substances that are secreted into the host tissue

Answer 90

exotoxin

Question 91

altered toxin that has lost its ability to cause harm but retains antigenicity

Answer 91

toxoid

Question 92

the spread of blood by site of infection

Answer 92

toxemia

Question 93

diseases that result from the ingestion of toxin rather than in infection

Answer 93

intoxication

Question 94

endotoxins that attack nerve tissue of muscles/nerves

Answer 94

neurotoxins

Question 95

Example of neurotoxins

Answer 95

1. botulism- prevents muscle contraction | 2. tetanus-prevents muscle relaxation

Question 96

endotoxin that act on tissues of the gut

Answer 96

enterotoxin

Question 97

example of enterotoxin

Answer 97

cholera

Question 98

study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of diseases and other health related problems

Answer 98

epidemiology

Question 99

some infectious diseases spread from 1 host to another | *contagious

Answer 99

communicable infectious diseases

Question 100

does not spread from 1 host to another | *cannot catch disease from another person

Answer 100

non-communicable infectious diseases

Question 101

What are three ways to get a non-communicable disease?

Answer 101

1. infections found in the environment from organisms 2. poisoning, intoxication; following the ingestion of preformed toxin 3. infection caused by an individuals own microbiota

Question 102

a continuously present infectious disease in the population of a particular geographic area but both the number of reported cases and severity of disease remain too low to constitute a public health problem

Answer 102

endemic

Question 103

arises when a disease suddenly has a higher than normal incidence in a population

Answer 103

epidemic

Question 104

occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide

Answer 104

pandemic

Question 105

occurs in a random and unpredictable manner involving several isolated cases that pose no great threat to the population as a whole *widely-spread

Answer 105

sporadic

Question 106

Factors important in the spread of infectious diseases

Answer 106

1. reservoirs of infection 2. portals by which organisms enter and leave the body 3. mechanisms

Question 107

Describe the three types of reservoirs of infection for human diseases.

Answer 107

1. Animal reservoirs 2. Human carriers 3. Nonliving reservoirs

Question 108

Define reservoir of infection

Answer 108

Sites where pathogens exist and are maintained as a source of infection, once they leave the host (place or location where the pathogen goes)

Question 109

Humans with active diesase are reservoirs of infection

Answer 109

human reservoirs

Question 110

individuals that harbor a pathogen/infectious agent without having any observable clinical signs or symptoms

Answer 110

carriers

Question 111

Identify and describe the portal of exit that pathogens take from the host body

Answer 111

openings, secretions (nasal, saliva, sputum, respiratory droplets), blood, vaginal fluids, semen, urine, feces

Question 112

diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions to humans from a animal host *more than 150 known pathogens

Answer 112

zoonoses

Question 113

to cause an infection a microorganism must enter body tissue through a

Answer 113

portal

Question 114

site where microbes/pathogen can enter the body

Answer 114

portal of entry

Question 115

plague bacterium is known as

Answer 115

yesinia pestis

Question 116

sites where organisms leave the body

Answer 116

portals of exit

Question 117

What are the three modes of disease transmission?

Answer 117

* direct contact * indirect contact * droplet

Question 118

it is person to person, requires body contact between individuals

Answer 118

direct contact

Question 119

involves shaking hands, kissing, touching or having sexual contact

Answer 119

horizontal direct contact

Question 120

when pathogens are transmitted through parent to offspring through birth canal, breast milk..

Answer 120

vertical direct contact

Question 121

agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of nonliving object through fomites

Answer 121

indirect contact transmission

Question 122

microbes spread in aerosol droplets (mucus droplets) discharged in air by sneezing, coughing, laughing, talking.

Answer 122

droplet transmission

Question 123

dry mucus which protects the pathogen

Answer 123

droplet nuclei

Question 124

How can droplet transmission not considered airborne?

Answer 124

If it is over a distance of less than 1 meter

Question 125

spread by water contaminated with untreated sewage (cholera) fecal-oral infection is major source of disease in world

Answer 125

waterborne transmission

Question 126

pathogens transmitted in or on food that has been improperly prepared, cooked, or stored (botulism, tapeworm, and Hep A)

Answer 126

food-borne transmission

Question 127

spread of agents in aerosol droplets that travel more than 1 meter from reservoir to host (measles virus, spores born by fungi that cause histoplasmosis)

Answer 127

air-borne transmission

Question 128

cloud of tiny water droplets or fine solid suspended particles in the air

Answer 128

aerosols

Question 129

non-living carrier of a pathogen from its reservoir to a susceptible host

Answer 129

vehicle

Question 130

occurs when pathogen from feces of 1 organism infect another organism

Answer 130

indirect fecal-oral transmission

Question 131

living objects that transmit disease to humans

Answer 131

vectors

Question 132

transmit pathogens passively on there feet and body parts

Answer 132

mechanical vector transmission

Question 133

insects, transmit pathogen actively, must spend a good portion of its life in pathogen

Answer 133

biological vector transmission