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Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

it takes three factors or parameters for an infectious disease to establish

A

disease triangle

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2
Q

what are the 3 components of the disease triangle?

A
  • susceptible host
  • environmental factors
  • etiologic (causative) infectious agent
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3
Q

an organism that harbors another organism

A

host

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4
Q

A symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association.

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

is the close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species

A

symbiosis

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6
Q

you and the microbe that lives with you

A

symbionts

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7
Q

A form of symbiosis between two organisms of different species in which one of them benefits from the association whereas the other is largely unaffected or not significantly harmed or benefiting from the relationship.

A

commensalism

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8
Q

An organism that obtains nourishment and shelter on another organism.

A

parasite

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9
Q

A form of symbiosis in which one organism (called parasite) benefits at the expense of another organism usually of different species (called host). The association may also lead to the injury of the host.

A

parasitism

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10
Q

The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms/microbe into a wound or sewage into a stream.

A

contamination

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11
Q

takes place when microbes begin to multiply, invade, and colonize within or upon the host body

A

infection

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12
Q

a disturbance in the state of health where in the body cannot carry out its normal function

A

disease

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13
Q

vary in their abilities to disrupt state of health on an individual

A

pathogen

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14
Q

An agent causing disease or illness to its host, such as an organism or infectious particle capable of producing a disease in another organism.

A

pathogen

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15
Q

capacity to produce disease, relative ability of a pathogen to overcome defenses and cause disease

A

pathogencity

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16
Q

The degree or ability of a pathogenic organism to cause disease.

A

virulence

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17
Q

rapid transfer of the pathogen through animals of the same species increases virulence of pathogens

A

animal passage definition

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18
Q

every time a pathogen goes from one organism to another it becomes more severe

A

animal passage

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19
Q

organisms that live in or on the body but do not cause disease

A

normal flora/ indigenous microbiota

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20
Q

an adult human body contains 10 trillion eukaryotic cells, you harbor an additional 100 trillion prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells on skin surfaces, mucus membrane, in the passage ways of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems.

A

normal flora or indigenous microbiota

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21
Q

obtain nutrients from host secretions

A

commensals

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22
Q

comprise microbes that are always present on or in the human body

A

resident microbiota

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23
Q

only present in certain conditions, persists for hours, weeks, and months but not there externally.
*found in local regions

A

transient microbiota

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24
Q

How do you acquire 100 trillion cells?

A
  • it doesn’t start at 100 trillion, fetus exists as entity

* during passage through birth canal fetus acquires microbes that will be temporary or permanent

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25
Q

some species don’t cause disease, however under other conditions that can be a problem

A

among resident microbia

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26
Q

do not usually cause disease but can do so under certain conditions

A

opportunists

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27
Q

An infectious microorganism that is normally a commensal or does not harm its host but can cause disease when the host’s resistance is low.

A

opportunistic pathogen

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28
Q

Example of opportunistic pathogen

A

AIDs will develop pneumocystis pneumonia

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29
Q

caused by any factor other than infectious organisms

A

noninfectious disease

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30
Q

caused by infectious agents such as protozoa, fungi,

A

infectious disease

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31
Q

The classification of noninfectious diseases include?

A
  • inherited diseases
  • congenital diseases
  • degenerative diseases
  • nutritional deficiency disease
  • endocrine disease
  • mental disease
  • immunological disease
  • neoplastic
  • iatrogenic disease
  • idiopathic disease
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32
Q

Caused by errors in genetic information

A

Inherited diseases

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33
Q

Structural or functional defects that are present at birth

A

Congenital disease

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34
Q

Example of congenital disease.

A
  • excessive x-ray exposure

* drugs

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35
Q

Develop in one or more body systems/parts as you age

A

Degenerative diseases

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36
Q

Example of degenerative diseases.

A
  • pollio

* bacterial endocarditis

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37
Q

After effect of a disease even after virus is long gone

A

Sequelae

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38
Q

Example of sequelae.

A

*bacterial endocarditis

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39
Q

when you don’t eat well, have chronic malnutrition you are more prone to infectious diseases

A

Nutritional deficiency disease

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40
Q

Excess or deficiency of hormones

A

Endocrine disease

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41
Q

Example of endocrine disease.

A

*infection of pancreas can cause you to become diabetic

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42
Q

Caused by variety of factors

A

Mental disease

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43
Q

Example of mental disorders

A

*bipolar disorder

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44
Q

Caused by malfunctions of immune systems

A

Immunological disease

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45
Q

Example of immunological disease.

A
  • allergies

* autoimmune disease

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46
Q

Involve abnormal cell growth that lead to the formation to various types of tumors

A

Neoplastic disease

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47
Q

Caused by medical procedures or treatments

A

Iatrogenic diseases

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48
Q

Example of iatrogenic disease.

A
  • drug reactions, infections acquired from hospital treatments
  • nosocomial disease
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49
Q

Diseases whose cause is unknown

A

Idiopathic disease

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50
Q

Example of idiopathic disease

A

Fibromyalgia

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51
Q

Characteristics of disease that can be observed by examine the patient

A

Sign

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52
Q

Examples of sign

A

Swelling, redness, coughing

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53
Q

Characteristics of disease that can be observed or felt only by the patient

A

Symptom

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54
Q

Combined by sign and symptom that occurs together and are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal condition

A

Syndrome

55
Q

Sign that is highly particular to specific disease

A

Pathognomonic

56
Q

A noticeable impairment of body function

A

Disease

57
Q

Occur when disease symptoms develop rapidly and runs course quickly as well

A

Acute disease

58
Q

Example of acute disease

A

Influenza

59
Q

Disease when symptoms occur slowly and disease is slow to disappear

A

Chronic disease

60
Q

Symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic

A

Subacute

61
Q

Appear and/or reappear long after infection

A

Latent disease

62
Q

Confide to small region of the body

A

Local infection

63
Q

Terms associated with infectious diseases include?

A
  • acute disease
  • chronic disease
  • subacute
  • latent disease
  • local infection
  • focal infection
  • systemic infection
64
Q

infection in confined region which pathogen travels to other regions of the body

A

focal infection

65
Q

pathogen is spread throughout the body, commonly through blood or lymph

A

systemic infection

66
Q

toxic inflammatory condition from spread of microbes

A

sepsis

67
Q

presence and multiplication of pathogens in the blood stream

A

septicemia

68
Q

characterized by the presence but not the multiplication of bacteria in the blood

A

bacteremia

69
Q

characterized by the presence but not the multiplication of viruses in the blood

A

viremia

70
Q

presence of toxins in the blood

A

toxemia

71
Q

presence of metabolic product of saprophytes

A

sapremia

72
Q

An organism (especially a plant or plant-like) that feeds, absorbs or grows on decaying organic matter

A

saprophytes

73
Q

infection in a previously healthy person

A

primary infection

74
Q

infection that occurs immediately that follows/results from a primary infection, infection occurs due to weaken immune system

A

secondary infection

75
Q

an infection that occurs in the decline phase

A

secondary infection

76
Q

secondary infection that is usually a replacement of the microbiota, can also be caused by a strain of antibiotics

A

superinfection

77
Q

caused by two or more pathogens

A

mixed infection

78
Q

mild or no symptoms at all/ goes unnoticed, fails to produce full set of signs and symptoms

A

inapparent infection

79
Q

time between infection and appearance of signs/symptoms

A

incubation period

80
Q
  • can be dangerous b/c you can infect another person without knowing
  • the length of this period is determined by pathogens and response to host
A

incubation period

81
Q

short period during which non-specific and mild symptoms such as malaise or headache appear

A

prodromal period

82
Q

many infectious diseases lack what period/phases

A

prodromal period

83
Q

signs/symptoms of disease occur, within this phase there are sub-phases

A

illness phase

84
Q

it may peak and have a valley

A

peak of a disease in the illness phase

85
Q

pathogens that damage tissue

A

acme-pathogens

86
Q

when the symptoms of signs begin to subside as effects of medication your taking or your body defense overcome the pathogen

A

decline phase

87
Q

tissues are repaired, healing takes place, body regains strength and recovers

A

convalecence phase

88
Q

any substance produced by one organism and that is poisonous to another organism, some but not all bacteria produce this

A

toxin

89
Q

part of cell wall/envelope of most gram-negative bacteria

*released when: bacteria divide and when bacterial cells are dead/die

A

endotoxin

90
Q

soluble substances that are secreted into the host tissue

A

exotoxin

91
Q

altered toxin that has lost its ability to cause harm but retains antigenicity

A

toxoid

92
Q

the spread of blood by site of infection

A

toxemia

93
Q

diseases that result from the ingestion of toxin rather than in infection

A

intoxication

94
Q

endotoxins that attack nerve tissue of muscles/nerves

A

neurotoxins

95
Q

Example of neurotoxins

A
  1. botulism- prevents muscle contraction

2. tetanus-prevents muscle relaxation

96
Q

endotoxin that act on tissues of the gut

A

enterotoxin

97
Q

example of enterotoxin

A

cholera

98
Q

study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of diseases and other health related problems

A

epidemiology

99
Q

some infectious diseases spread from 1 host to another

*contagious

A

communicable infectious diseases

100
Q

does not spread from 1 host to another

*cannot catch disease from another person

A

non-communicable infectious diseases

101
Q

What are three ways to get a non-communicable disease?

A
  1. infections found in the environment from organisms
  2. poisoning, intoxication; following the ingestion of preformed toxin
  3. infection caused by an individuals own microbiota
102
Q

a continuously present infectious disease in the population of a particular geographic area but both the number of reported cases and severity of disease remain too low to constitute a public health problem

A

endemic

103
Q

arises when a disease suddenly has a higher than normal incidence in a population

A

epidemic

104
Q

occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide

A

pandemic

105
Q

occurs in a random and unpredictable manner involving several isolated cases that pose no great threat to the population as a whole
*widely-spread

A

sporadic

106
Q

Factors important in the spread of infectious diseases

A
  1. reservoirs of infection
  2. portals by which organisms enter and leave the body
  3. mechanisms
107
Q

Describe the three types of reservoirs of infection for human diseases.

A
  1. Animal reservoirs
  2. Human carriers
  3. Nonliving reservoirs
108
Q

Define reservoir of infection

A

Sites where pathogens exist and are maintained as a source of infection, once they leave the host (place or location where the pathogen goes)

109
Q

Humans with active diesase are reservoirs of infection

A

human reservoirs

110
Q

individuals that harbor a pathogen/infectious agent without having any observable clinical signs or symptoms

A

carriers

111
Q

Identify and describe the portal of exit that pathogens take from the host body

A

openings, secretions (nasal, saliva, sputum, respiratory droplets), blood, vaginal fluids, semen, urine, feces

112
Q

diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions to humans from a animal host
*more than 150 known pathogens

A

zoonoses

113
Q

to cause an infection a microorganism must enter body tissue through a

A

portal

114
Q

site where microbes/pathogen can enter the body

A

portal of entry

115
Q

plague bacterium is known as

A

yesinia pestis

116
Q

sites where organisms leave the body

A

portals of exit

117
Q

What are the three modes of disease transmission?

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • droplet
118
Q

it is person to person, requires body contact between individuals

A

direct contact

119
Q

involves shaking hands, kissing, touching or having sexual contact

A

horizontal direct contact

120
Q

when pathogens are transmitted through parent to offspring through birth canal, breast milk..

A

vertical direct contact

121
Q

agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of nonliving object through fomites

A

indirect contact transmission

122
Q

microbes spread in aerosol droplets (mucus droplets) discharged in air by sneezing, coughing, laughing, talking.

A

droplet transmission

123
Q

dry mucus which protects the pathogen

A

droplet nuclei

124
Q

How can droplet transmission not considered airborne?

A

If it is over a distance of less than 1 meter

125
Q

spread by water contaminated with untreated sewage (cholera) fecal-oral infection is major source of disease in world

A

waterborne transmission

126
Q

pathogens transmitted in or on food that has been improperly prepared, cooked, or stored (botulism, tapeworm, and Hep A)

A

food-borne transmission

127
Q

spread of agents in aerosol droplets that travel more than 1 meter from reservoir to host (measles virus, spores born by fungi that cause histoplasmosis)

A

air-borne transmission

128
Q

cloud of tiny water droplets or fine solid suspended particles in the air

A

aerosols

129
Q

non-living carrier of a pathogen from its reservoir to a susceptible host

A

vehicle

130
Q

occurs when pathogen from feces of 1 organism infect another organism

A

indirect fecal-oral transmission

131
Q

living objects that transmit disease to humans

A

vectors

132
Q

transmit pathogens passively on there feet and body parts

A

mechanical vector transmission

133
Q

insects, transmit pathogen actively, must spend a good portion of its life in pathogen

A

biological vector transmission

Microbiology (7 decks)

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