Study Giude 2 Flashcards
(94 cards)
0
Q
Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing and have 1 plane of division are called
A
Diplococci
1
Q
When cocci divide to reproduce?
A
the cells can remain attached to one another
2
Q
Those that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called
A
Streptococci
3
Q
Bacteria that have only 1 plane of division
A
- Diplococci
* Streptococci
4
Q
Those that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four are known as
A
Tetrads
5
Q
Bacteria that have 2 planes of division
A
Tetrad
6
Q
Those that divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight are called
A
Sarcinae
7
Q
Bacteria with 3 planes of division
A
Sarcinae
8
Q
Those that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets are called
A
Staphylococci
9
Q
Bacteria that divide by random planes of divisions
A
Staphylococci
10
Q
Time it takes a cell or group of cells or a population of cells to divide is called
A
Generation time
11
Q
Shows the growth of cells over time
A
Bacterial growth curve
12
Q
What are the four phases of growth?
A
- lag phase
- log/exponent phase
- stationary phase
- death/decline phase
13
Q
- intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population
A
lag phase
14
Q
- bacteria not actively dividing , preparing itself for division
- engorge itself with nutrients
A
lag phase
15
Q
*logarithmic, or exponential, increase in population
A
log/exponent phase
16
Q
- bacteria pop. divide like crazy
* reach critical point where competition for food and space occurs
A
Log/exponent phase
17
Q
*pop. or bacteria fulfills generation time
A
log phase
18
Q
- period of equilibrium; microbial deaths balance production of new cells
A
Stationary phase
19
Q
- number of bacteria that divide equals the number of bacteria that die
A
Stationary phase
20
Q
*population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate
A
death phase
21
Q
as cells die they disintegrate and become acidic, and competition becomes more fierce
A
death/decline phase
22
Q
An environmental factor that influences microbial growth
A
- Temperature
- pH
- oxygen
- (osmotic) pressure
23
Q
Microorganisms are classified into three primary groups on the basis of their preferred range of temperature which include
A
- psychrophiles
- mesophiles
- thermophiles
24
Cold-loving microbes (-5C - -15C)
Psychrophiles
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Moderate-temperature loving microbes (25C-45C)
Mesophiles
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Bacteria that effect us are called?
Mesophiles
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Heat-loving microbes (45C-70C)
Thermophiles
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How do most bacteria grow?
Only within a limited range of temperatures, and their maximum and minimum growth temperatures are only 30 C apart
29
Each bacterial species grows at particular temperatures which are
maximum, minimum and optimum temperatures
30
The lowest temperature at which the species will grow
Minimum growth temperature
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The temperature at which the species grow the best
Optimum growth temperature
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The highest temperature at which growth is possible
Maximum growth temperature
33
Some microbes have an optimum growth temperature of 80 C or higher called
Hyper thermophiles or extreme thermophiles
34
Critical range where the bacteria can grow
Cardinal temperature
35
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plasma membrane?
Associated with cell locomotion
36
You have isolated a gram positive bacteria with no visible nucleus, you can assume this cell has
Ribosomes
37
Cell envelope encompasses?
* cell wall
* periplasm
* LPS
* teichoic acid
38
Which of the following is NOT a structure found in prokaryotic cells?
Cilia
39
Which of the following organelles is responsible for bacteria buoyancy?
Gas vesicles
40
Which of the following is NOT a chemical component of a bacterial cell wall?
Cellulose
41
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
Nucleus
42
The longest and most obvious portion of bacterium flagellum
Filament
43
The short curved segment of a bacterium flagellum
Hook
44
The part anchoring the flagellum in the cell wall and plasma membrane of a bacterium flagellum
Basal body
45
In gram negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is often also called
Endotoxins
46
Regarding flagellar arrangement, the term which best describes a bacterial cell with a cluster of flagella at one or both ends is?
Lopotrichous
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The acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH
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What pH range do most bacteria grow best in?
pH range near neutrality, between 6.5 and 7.5
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* below pH 4 or 5.5
| * remarkably tolerant of acidity
Acidophiles
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Multiplies between pH 5 and 8
Neutrophiles
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grow optimally above pH 8.5
Alkaliphile
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What percentage of oxygen is in the air?
20%
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Organisms that require oxygen to live are called
Obligate aerobes
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Since oxygen is poorly soluble in the water, many aerobic bacteria have developed?
The ability to continue growing in the absence of oxygen
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Organisms that can use oxygen when it is present but are able to continue to growth by using fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available
Facultative anaerobes
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Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy-yielding reactions
Obligate anaerobes
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Cannot use oxygen for growth, but they tolerate it fairly well
Aerotolerant anaerobes
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An organism that grows best in an environment with less molecular oxygen than is normally found in air
Microaerophile
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An organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth
Halophiles.
60
grow in relatively high salt solutions up to 10% of sodium chloride
Osmotolerant
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Can withstand some amounts of pressure
Barotolerant
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Require high amount of pressure in order to multiply and survive
Barophilic bacteria (barophile)
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Any amount of pressure would kill them
Non-barotolerant
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Besides water, one of the most important requirements microbial growth
Carbon
65
Structural backbone of living matter; it is needed for all the organic compounds that make up a living cell
Carbon
66
Protein synthesis requires considerable amounts of _________ as well as some ________.
nitrogen, sulfur
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Components of Amino acids and nucleic acids
Nitrogen
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Component of some amino acids
Sulfur
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ATP; Nucleic Acids; cell membrane
Phosphorus
70
Required for certain enzymes activities
Potassium, Magnesium, and calcium
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Skeleton of amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids, oxygen
Carbon
72
Part of certain enzymes
Iron
73
Mixture of nutritional substances on or in which microbes grow
Medium (media) or Culture media
74
A medium devoid of any microbe organism
Sterilized medium
75
Living material used to initiate a microbial culture
Inoculum
76
Strain that grows and multiplies in a specific medium
Culture
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Nutrient "broth" is considered
A liquid
78
Agar is considered
Solid/solidified
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Complex polysaccharide, marine algae
Agar
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Empty dish is called
Petri dish
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A dish that contains agar
Petri plate
82
Visible mass of microbial cells arising from a cell
Colony
83
Microbes can be controlled by
Physical or chemical means
84
The physical aspects of microbial control includes
- heat treatment
- irradiation (UV)
- filtration
- mechanical removal (washing hands)
85
Chemical control of microbes includes
A variety of chemicals (ex. lysol and listerine)
86
An absolute term, which is the process of removing or destroying all Microorganisms and viruses on or in a product, that can be achieved through physical or chemical means
Sterilization
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Completely free or devoid of all microorganisms
Sterile
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Chemical used to destroy all microbes and viruses in a product
Sterilant
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Disinfectant that is nontoxic enough to be used on living tissues
Antiseptic
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Chemical used to destroy many microbes and viruses
Disinfectant
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The process that eliminates most or all disease causing microbes and viruses on or in a product
Disinfection
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Treatment used to reduce the number of disease causing microbes to a level that considered safe to handle
Decontamination
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Reduce the number of microbes to a level that meets public health standards, implies cleaning nest too
Sanitize
