ch.5

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

all of the body’s chemical reactions

Question 2

What are the 8 signature statements?

Answer 2

-every cell requires nutrient
-requires energy from light or catabolism of nutrients
-energy is stored in ATP
-cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites
-precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in anabolic reactions
-enzymes and ATP form macromolecules
-cells grow by assembling macromolecules
-cells reproduce once they have 2x in size

Question 3

catabolism

Answer 3

break larger molecules into smaller products, exergonic (release energy)

Question 4

anabolism

Answer 4

synthesize large molecules, endergonic requires more energy than the release

Question 5

oxidation and reduction reactions

Answer 5

transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor, occur simultaneously

Question 6

What are three majore electron carriers?

Answer 6

NAD+, NADP+, FAD

Question 7

phosphorylation

Answer 7

inorganic phosphate is added to substrate

Question 8

What are the different types of phosphorylation?

Answer 8

substrate level, oxidative, photophosphorylation

Question 9

enzymes

Answer 9

organic catalysts, increase the likelihood of a reaction
-some are activated when a cofactor binds to a site other than the active site

Question 10

hydrolase

Answer 10

catalyzes hydrolysis

Question 11

What is an example of hydrolase?

Answer 11

lipase

Question 12

isomerase

Answer 12

rearrangement of atoms w/in a molecule

Question 13

ligase/polymerase

Answer 13

joining 2 or more chemicals together (anabolic)

Question 14

lyase

Answer 14

splitting a chemical into smaller parts w/o using water

Question 15

oxidoreductase

Answer 15

transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from 1 molecule to another

Question 16

trasnferase

Answer 16

moving a functional group from one molecule to another

Question 17

apoenzymes

Answer 17

inactive if not bound to non protein cofactors

Question 18

holienzymes

Answer 18

binding of apoenzyme

Question 19

inhibitors

Answer 19

block an enzyme activity

Question 20

feedback inhibition

Answer 20

controls the action of some enzymes

Question 21

competitive inhibition

Answer 21

a molecule other than the substrate binding to the enzyme’s active site

Question 22

noncompetitive

Answer 22

inhibitor binds to an allosteric site

Question 23

allosteric site

Answer 23

site that is different from the active site

Question 24

Carb catabolism

Answer 24

can be oxidized as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions

Question 25

How can glucose be catabolized?

Answer 25

cellular respiration and fermentation

Question 26

glycolysis

Answer 26

splits a six carbon source glucose into 2, three carbon sugars

Question 27

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 27

the direct transfer of phosphate between 2 substrates

Question 28

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

Answer 28

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and pyruvic acid

Question 29

cellular respiration

Answer 29

pyruvic acid is oxidized to produce ATP

Question 30

What are the three stages of cellular resp.?

Answer 30

synthesis of acetyl CoA, Kreb Cycle, and redox reactions

Question 31

What are the products of the synthesis of Acetyl CoA?

Answer 31

2 Acetly CoA
2 Co2
2 NADH

Question 32

Krebs CYcle

Answer 32

the energy remaining in acetyl coa is transferred to NAD
+ and FAD
-occurs in cytosol in prokaryotes and mitochondria in eukaryotes

Question 33

What are the products of Krebs cycle?

Answer 33

2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 4 CO2

Question 34

ETX

Answer 34

most significant production of ATP
series of carrier molecules passing electrons one to another to final acceptor

Question 35

What are the 4 carrier molecules?

Answer 35

flavoproteins, ubiquinones, metal-containing proteins, and cytochromes

Question 36

chemiosmosis

Answer 36

use gradients to form ATP
use the energy released in redox reactions of ETC to make proton gradient

Question 37

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 37

proton gradients is created by the oxidation of ETC components

Question 38

fermentation

Answer 38

some cells can’t oxidize glucose by cellular resp. and need a constant source of NAD+