Chapter 1: History of Microbiology

Question 1

Antoni Van Leewenhoek

Answer 1

made and used simple microscopes to observe microorganisms
-father of microbiology

Question 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 2

developed a taxonomic system that helped name plants/animals and helped group similar organisms together

Question 3

taxonomy

Answer 3

system of naming and grouping

Question 4

eukaryotes

Answer 4

have membrane-bound nucleus

Question 5

What are the six categories of microbes?

Answer 5

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, small multicellular animals

Question 6

bacteria and archaea

Answer 6

unicellular
no nuclei
thrive in moisture
asexual reproduction
smaller than eukaryotes

Question 7

fungi

Answer 7

eukaryotic
have cell walls
molds and yeasts are examples
obtain food from other organisms or saprophytic

Question 8

protozoa

Answer 8

single-celled eukaryotes
mostly asexual
most can perform locomotion

Question 9

algae

Answer 9

unicellular or multicellular
photosynthetic
simple reproductive structures

Question 10

Why is Leeuwenhoek the father of microbiology?

Answer 10

he made and used simple microscopes to examine microorganisms

Question 11

abiogenesis

Answer 11

spontaneous generation

Question 12

What were the four questions posed during the Golden Age?

Answer 12

Is spontaneous generation possible?
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?

Question 13

What was Aristotle’s approach to spontaneous generation?

Answer 13

living things arise from from nonliving matter

Question 14

What was Needhams’s approach to spontaneous generation?

Answer 14

large animals could not arise spontaneously but microbes could

Question 15

What was created as a result of all of the spontaneous generation experiments?

Answer 15

scientific method
1. Ask a question
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Analyze
5. Conclusion

Question 16

pasteurization

Answer 16

process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria

Question 17

What did Buchner reveal about fermentation?

Answer 17

does not require living cells

Question 18

What causes fermentation?

Answer 18

yeast

Question 19

germ theory of disease

Answer 19

some diseases are caused by specific germs called pathogens

Question 20

What did Robert Koch study?

Answer 20

etiology of disease using petri dishes and staining

Question 21

What is the most widely used staining technique and why?

Answer 21

Gram’s stain because it can differentiate between bacteria types

Question 22

What are Koch’s postulates?

Answer 22

-the suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
-agent must be isolated and grown outside the hosts
-when the agent is introduced to a healthy host and host must get the disease
-same agent must be found in the diseased experimental hosts

Question 23

Semmelweis

Answer 23

introduced the idea of handwashing

Question 24

Lister

Answer 24

created the antiseptic technique of cleaning instruments

Question 25

Florence Nightingale

Answer 25

mother of modern nursing

Question 26

John Snow

Answer 26

created infection control and epidemiology

Question 27

Jenner

Answer 27

introduced vaccines and studied immunology

Question 28

Ehrlich

Answer 28

started the field of chemotherapy

Question 29

Why might Nightingale be considered the Mother of Nursing?

Answer 29

she founded modern nursing and saved tons of patients

Question 30

What are the basic chemical reactions of life?

Answer 30

biochemistry

Question 31

How can biochemistry be applied?

Answer 31

-design of herbicides/pesticides -diagnosis of illness -treatment of metabolic diseases -drug design

Question 32

How do genes work?

Answer 32

genes are contained in molecules of DNA

Question 33

Beadle and Tatum

Answer 33

established that a gene's activity is related to protein function

Question 34

What role do microorganisms play in the environment?

Answer 34

bioremediation which uses living bacteria and other microbes to detoxify polluted environments recycle chemicals

Question 35

serology

Answer 35

study of blood serum

Question 36

immunology

Answer 36

study of the body's defenses against specific pathogens

Question 37

bacteriology

Answer 37

bacteria and archaea

Question 38

phycology

Answer 38

algae

Question 39

mycology

Answer 39

fungi

Question 40

protozoology

Answer 40

protozoa

Question 41

parasitology

Answer 41

parasites

Question 42

virology

Answer 42

viruses

Question 43

microbial genetics

Answer 43

functions of DNA and RNA

Question 44

epidemiology

Answer 44

spread of disease