chapter 10 pt.2

Question 1

narrow spectrum

Answer 1

effective against few organisms

Question 2

broad spectrum

Answer 2

effective against many organisms

Question 3

What are 3 ways to test for the effectiveness of a drug?

Answer 3

diffusion susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration

Question 4

topical application

Answer 4

application of drug for external infections

Question 5

oral application

Answer 5

requires no needles, self administered

Question 6

intramuscular

Answer 6

deliver drug via needle into muscle

Question 7

intravenous

Answer 7

deliver drug directly into bloodstream

Question 8

intradermal

Answer 8

in the dermis

Question 9

therapeutic index

Answer 9

ration of the dose of a drug that can be tolerated to the drugs effective dose

Question 10

What two ways can bacteria resist?

Answer 10

new mutations of genes or acquisition of R plasmids

Question 11

urgent threat

Answer 11

potential for widespread life-threatening diseases

Question 12

serious threat

Answer 12

alternative antimicrobials are available or disease incidence is declining

Question 13

concerning threat

Answer 13

low threat or numerous antimicrobials are available for treatment

Question 14

What are some mechanisms of resistance?

Answer 14

-produce enzyme that destroys drugs
-slow or prevent entry of drug into the cell
-alter target of drug so it binds less effectively
-alter metabolic chemistry
-pump antimicrobial drug out of the cell before it can act

Question 15

MfpA protein

Answer 15

produced by mycobacterium tuberculosis and it prevents the binding of fluoroquinolone drugs

Question 16

multiple drug-resistant pathogens

Answer 16

resistant to at least antimicrobial agents

Question 17

cross-resistance

Answer 17

occcurs when drugs are similar in structure

Question 18

retarding resistance

Answer 18

maintain high concentration of drug in patient for sufficient time

Question 19

synergism

Answer 19

one drug enhances the other

Question 20

An antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis will result in

Answer 20

bacteria cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure

Question 21

Chloramphenicol kills bacteria by

Answer 21

preventing covalent bonding between amino acids

Question 22

nucleotide analogs

Answer 22

inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis

Question 23

What is the fastest way for bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance?

Answer 23

R plasmids

Question 24

minimum bacteriocidal concentration

Answer 24

the minimum concentration that will kill bacteria in the broth