Flashcards in CH5 Deck (60)
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1
Problem of other minds
The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
2
Benjamin Libet experiment
Timing conscious will
Brain activity occurs before the conscious desire to act does.
EEG measured brain activity
EMG measured finger movement
Questions "Free will"
3
What are the 4 properties of consciousness?
INTENTIONALITY: being directed toward an object
UNITY: integrate info from all senses into one coherent whole
SELECTIVITY: include some objects but not others
TRANSIENCE: tendency to change (e.g. Necker cube)
4
Consciousness
Subjective experience of the world and the mind
5
Dichotic listening
Example of selectivity
A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear
6
Cocktail party phenomenon
Example of selectivity
People tune in one message while filtering others nearby
7
minimal consciousness
low-level sensory awareness/responsiveness
when mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour
8
Phenomenology
How things seem to the conscious person
9
Full consciousness
when you know and can report your mental state
10
Self-consciousness
Distinct level of consciousness
person's attention is drawn to the self as an object
Eg: Self-recognition in the mirror (babies
12
Thought Suppression
Conscious avoidance o a thought
13
Daydreaming
A state of consciousness
seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind (default network in brain is activated)
14
Rebound effect of thought suppression
Tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
15
Ironic processes of mental control
Mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can produce them
Dostoevsky
Experiment: people ring a bell when they think of the polar bear after being told not to for 5 minutes
16
Mental control
Attempt to change conscious states of mind
occurs during thought suppression
17
Repression
A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious
Freud
18
Dynamic unconscious
a lifetime of hidden memories and their deepest desires (id)
struggle to control the id
Freud
19
Experience-sampling technique
People are asked to report their conscious experiences at particular times.
Results: people mainly think about current concerns (eg relationships, exercise, jobs, finance, etc)
20
Cognitive unconscious
mental processes that give rise to thoughts, choices, emotions, behaviour even though they are not experienced
21
Altered state of consciousness
occurs during dreaming
A form of experience that departs from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
22
Subliminal perception
Thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
Eg subliminal messages in 1960s theatres "eat popcorn", "drink Coke"
23
Freudian slips
Evidence of unconscious mind in speech errors and lapses of consciousness
25
Electrooculograph (EOG)
Instrument that measures eye movements
(detects/measures REM)
26
REM sleep
stage of sleep
rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
low brain wave activity (alpha/theta/beta waves) breathing rapid/irregular, vivid/memorable dreams
27
Circadian rhythm
A naturally occurring 24-hour sleep cycle
Hormones (seratonin), blood pressure, and body temperature levels fluctuate throughout the day but they follow a rhythmic pattern
28
Stage 3 of Sleep Cycle (NREM3/N3)
"Deep sleep", dreaming common (not vivid), disorders, delta waves/slow rolling waves
25% duration of total sleep cycle
29
How often does REM sleep occur?
Every 90-120 minutes
20-25% total sleep time
30
Stage 1 of Sleep Cycle (NREM1/N1)
Stage between wakefulness and sleep, drowsy sleep.
Beta/gamma waves (awake) -> alpha waves
5% duration of total sleep cycle
31
Stage 2 of Sleep Cycle (NREM2/N2)
First 'real sleep stage', conscious awareness fades
Theta waves + sleep spindles + K complexes
45% duration of total sleep cycle
32
Which hormones activate and inhibit REM?
Activated by: acetylcholine
Inhibited by: serotonin
Pons
33
Insomnia
difficulty in falling/staying asleep
Chronic: 10% adults, depression/anxiety
34
Sleep apnea
person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
35
Somnambulism
sleepwalking
36
5 major characteristics that distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness
1: intense emotion
2: illogical thought
3: meaningful sensation
4: uncritical acceptance
5: difficulty remembering
37
Night/sleep terrors
Abrupt awakenings w/ panic and intense emotional arousal
38
Effects of Sleep deprivation
Fatigue, impairment (concentration/creativity/communication)
can lead to: obesity, hypertension, suppressed immune system, irritability, slow performance
REM sleep deprivation: most detrimental
39
Chronic sleep deprivation
Increases cortisol levels -> impair neurons involved in learning/memory
40
Reasons why we sleep
Protective role in evolution
brain restoration/repair of damaged neurons
memory storage/rebuilding/consolidation
encourages growth through secretion of growth hormone
41
Narcolepsy
Sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
42
Psychoactive drug
Chemical that influences consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain's chemical message system
43
Drug tolerance
Tendency for larger doses of a drug to be quoted over time to achieve the same effect
44
Drug withdrawal symptoms
Physical/psychological dependence on the drug
45
Stimulants
Substances that excite the central nervous system e.g Amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine
Increase neural firing, blood pressure, HR, alertness, boost mood, heighten irritability, arouses nervous system
46
Depressants
Substance that reduce the activity of the central nervous system e.g. Alcohol
Relaxation, lowered inhibition, induce sleep, depress reflexes, impair motor functioning, reduce activity of CNS, prescribed to treat anxiety/sleep problems
47
Narcotics/Opiates
Highly addictive drugs derived from opium, relieves pain
mood changes (intense euphoria), binds to and stimulates receptors normally activated by endorphins (pain relief)
48
Expectancy theory
alcohol effects can be pronounced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
placebo effect
49
Hallucinogens
Drugs that alter sensation and perception
Causes visual and auditory hallucinations
e.g. LSD
50
Alcohol myopia
Condition that results when alcohol hampers attention
leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
51
Cocaine's effect on the brain
Blocks re-absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine -> results in over-stimulation of brain circuits to produce euphoric "high"'-> later depletion of dopamine "crash"
52
Blood alcohol levels and behavioural effects
0.05%: lowered alertness/impaired judgement
0.20%: obvious intoxication
0.25%: staggering, impaired sensory perceptions
0.35%: surgical anesthesia, minimal level causing death
0.40%: half of those at this level will die
53
Balanced placebo design
Study design, behaviour is observed following the presence/absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence/absence of a placebo stimulus
54
Who drinks? (Statistics)
72% aged 15 and over Canadians said they had a drink in last year
7.9 mil are heavy drinkers
2008: $19.4 billion on alcohol
Alcohol is a solvent
55
mind-body problem
issue of how the mind is related to the body
(with theories like phrenology, dualism, etc)
56
5 characteristics of Dream Conciousness
1. Feel emotion
2. Dream thought is illogical
3. Sensation fully formed and meaningful
4. Uncritical acceptance (images and events seem normal)
5. Difficulty remembering dream after it's over
57
Manifest content (of a dream)
A dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning
58
Latent content (of a dream)
Dreams true underlying meaning
59
Activation-synthesis model
Dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occur during sleep
60
Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by ALTERING THE BRAIN'S CHEMICAL MESSAGE SYSTEM
61
Harm reduction approach
Response to high risk behaviours by focusing on reducing the harm these behaviour have on ppl's lives
62
