Flashcards in CH8 Deck (50)
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1
PAUL EKMAN's discrete emotion theory
universal, innate set of basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
2
dimensional models
two dimensions: valence and arousal
a common neurophysiological system is responsible for ALL emotions
3
definition of emotion from a dimensional view
positive/negative experience that is associated w/ a particular pattern of physiological activity
4
arousal
how physiological arousal gives rise to emotion
(neural level/nervous system)
5
valence
how positive or negative the event/experience is
the emotion that follows
6
how are emotions measured and categorized?
measured: MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
categorized: FOUNDATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
7
James-Lange theory
stimulus triggers activity in ANS first
THEN produces emotional experience in brain
(CONSCIOUS AWARENESS of physiological responses to stimuli)
8
Cannon-Bard theory
stimulus SIMULTANEOUSLY triggers activity in ANS + emotional experience
(body responses run PARALLEL to cognitive responses; they do not cause emotions)
9
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory
body + cognitive label = emotion
you only feel after you label an experience w/ an emotion
10
Problems w/James-Lange theory
emotions are fast/body is slow
people cannot detect small physiological changes
unlikely for a unique body response to EVERY emotion
non-emotional stimuli can give the same response (eg sweating)
11
which emotions produce higher heart rates?
anger, fear, sadness
12
which emotion produces the largest increase in finger temperature?
anger
13
which parts of the brain play a role in emotion?
hypothalamus, amygdala (threat detector/emotion recognition), hippocampus (memory)
14
what type of process is linked to the cortex where language and complex thought reside?
cognitive appraisal process
15
how is the pre-frontal cortex involved with emotion?
regulation (planning, reasoning, control, impulsivity)
16
appraisal
evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
17
ledoux
two pathways of fear to brain
1. FAST (thalamus -> amygdala)
2. SLOW (thalamus -> cortex -> amygdala)
18
how are emotions adaptive?
signal important events, direct attention to them
fight/flight
social communication (provides observable info about internal states/influences others' behaviour)
19
emotion regulation
using cognitive and behavioural strategies to influence emotional experience
20
cognition
evokes emotions (e.g thinking of emotional events evokes feelings)
influences expression and how we act
21
appraisal
cognitive-emotional process
choosing how to view situations (your POV)
22
reappraisal
changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
eg bracelet sentimental. break up...ANGER
23
emotional expression
face has 46 UNIQUE ACTION UNITS
(observable sign of an emotional state)
24
Darwin's universality hypothesis
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; UNIVERSAL
people are generally good at judging/creating expressions (6 universal emotions)
25
facial feedback hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
e.g. If I look angry, I can make myself feel angry.
26
mirror neurons role/effect
mimicking other people's facial expressions allow us to feel/identify their emotions
27
what happens if you have amydala damge?
hard to recognize emotion
impairment in experiencing/making their own facial expressions
28
what are the 4 display rules
norms for the control of emotional expression
(intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing), differs among cultures
29
4 features that distinguish/differentiate sincere and insincere expressions
1. morphology (reliable muscles)
2. symmetry
3. duration
4.temporal patterning
30
Capgras Syndrome
damage to connections between the temporal lobe and limbic system
(family members/friends = imposters)
31
Aristotle's Hedonic principle
notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
32
instinct
fixed (rigid/predictable) pattern of behaviour, not acquired by learning, rooted in genes/body
33
drive
aroused/tense state related to a physical need (eg hunger, thirst)
34
drive-reduction theory
idea that humans are motivated to reduce drives (eg eating to reduce hunger), restores homeostasis
35
intrinsic motivation
actions that are rewarding themselves (tend to be more satisfying)
36
extrinsic motivation
actions that only lead to an award (may undermine intrinsic awards)
37
conscious motivation
awareness of our general motivations
38
unconscious motivation
not aware
39
approach motivation
to experience + outcomes
40
avoidance motivation
to not experience - outcomes (more powerful, more risks, prevention focus)
41
terror management theory
we cope w/existential terror by developing a cultural worldview (meaningful immortality through legacies)
42
morality-salience hypothesis
prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews
43
Hunger signals
orexigenic/anorexigence sent to and from the brain
44
ghrelin
hormone produced in stomach; signals brain to switch hunger on
45
leptin
chemical secreted by fat cells that tell brain to turn hunger off by making it unappealing
46
bulimia nervosa
binge eating followed by purging (bad effects: acid affecting esophagus and teeth)
47
anorexia nervosa
intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake (gender/cultural differences)
48
reasons for obesity?
environmental toxins, too much good bacteria in gut, leptin-resistance, eating too much
49
lateral hypothalamus
receives messages to turn hunger on
50
