Cha. 8 - Intro To Exercise And Bioenergetics Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is Metabolism?
All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself
What is the First law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another
What are Macronutrients?
Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat
What are substrates?
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate
What is Glucose?
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy
What is Glycogen?
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as liver and muscles cells: the storage form of carbohydrate
What is Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)?
The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrates and fat as fuel sources
What is Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)?
The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity
What are fats?
One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body
Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy
They also serve as energy stores for the body.
In food, there are two types of fats: saturated and unsaturated
What is Triglyceride?
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body
What are free fatty acids?
The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats,
metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate
What is Protein?
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues
What are Essential amino acids (EAA)?
Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it;
there are nine essential amino acids
What are Nonessential amino acids?
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet
What is a Negative energy balance?
When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended
What is Gluconeogenesis?
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats)
What is ketogenesis?
The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids
What are Ketone bodies?
Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation
They can then be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce ATP
What is Ketosis?
A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support
What is exogenous ketones?
Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form
What is insulin resistance?
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes
What is ketoacidosis
Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance
