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changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

define gross domestic product

A

the total value of goods and services a country produces in one year

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2
Q

define migration

A

movement of people from one place to another to live or work

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3
Q

define transnational corporation

A

a company that has investments in many countries

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4
Q

define industrial structure

A

the proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy
(primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

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5
Q

define development

A

the progress of a country in terms of economic growth

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6
Q

define development gap

A

the difference in living standards between HIC’s and LIC’s

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7
Q

define gross national income

A

the total amount of money earned by a nation’s businesses, including businesses overseas

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8
Q

define human development index

A

a measure of average achievement in areas of human development, health, education and standard of living

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9
Q

how is GDP different to GNI

A

GDP doesn’t include national income abroad

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10
Q

name the fast developing countries
BRICs
MINTs

A

brazil
russia
india
china
mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey

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11
Q

what is the world’s current population

A

8 billion

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12
Q

ways to measure development

A

literacy rates
people per doctor
GNI
birth/ death rates
infant mortality
life expectancy
access to safe water

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13
Q

how does people per doctor affect social quality of life

A

in HIC’s there are more doctors, so less people per doctor- they receive better medical care
LIC’s cannot afford medical resources such as machines

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14
Q

how does literacy rates affect social quality of life

A

low literacy rates means kids lack a valuable education- cannot get great jobs e.g doctors
less doctors= more patients untreated

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15
Q

define birth/death rates

A

the number of births/ deaths per 1000 population

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16
Q

define infant mortality rates

A

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 population

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17
Q

define life expectancy

A

the average number of years a person is expected to live

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18
Q

define literacy rates

A

the percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills

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19
Q

what makes up the human development index

A

education
life expectancy
income

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20
Q

why is healthcare a significant development indicator

A

poor quality pf healthcare means higher death rates and a lower life expectancy

sick people cannot work- dont earn a salary- less government taxes

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21
Q

population characteristics of LIC’s and HIC’s

A

LIC- low life expectancy, increasing population due to a lack of contraception, high birth rates
HIC- high life expectancy
slowly declining population as people have less kids

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22
Q

physical causes of uneven development

A

diseases- people unable to work

extreme weather- droughts means reduced crop yield
floods- damages infrastructure

limited access to clean water- makes people unable to work

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23
Q

positive effects of colonialism

A

europeans brought new technology to african countries to help with farming and infrastructure

education- global countries were taught english

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24
Q

negative effects of colonialism

A

african, asian, south american cultures became part of slave trade

Haiti colonised by the french and they mismanaged land- degradation of natural resources

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25
Haiti earthquake
2010, magnitude of 7 250,000 dead- lead to water contamination- diseases 300,000 injured- overcrowding in hospitals 300,000 homes damaged- homelessness 25% schools destroyed- lower literacy rates
26
economic causes of uneven development
poverty- less taxes to government, so less investment into improving infrastructure trade- LIC's trade primary goods that have low value and generate little money HIC's trade secondary goods (TVs, computers)
27
outcomes of uneven development
global migration wealth unevenly distributed poor healthcare and education
28
strategies to reduce the development gap
global scale: investment by TNC's industrial development aid small scale: intermediate technology fairtrade debt relief microfinance loans
29
investment by TNC's
FDI (foreign direct investment) :( are footloose- can leave at anytime so economic growth is not always long-term] :( profit leakage
30
industrial development
china's economic growth by development of manufacturing industries (steel, electric goods) economic zones- international investors don't pay tax :( poor working conditions :( rich/poor inequalities :( air pollution, waste :) job opportunities :) development :) attracts investors
31
aid
gift to other countries (LIC's) UK gives 0.7% of income to international countries- Syria, Nigeria :) development- building a dam brings energy and jobs :( only short-term development
32
intermediate technology
reduces energy costs E.g solar panels for farmers to fuel irrigation systems :) reduces costs :( small scale- doesn't help many farmers
33
fairtrade
producers get a fair minimum wage for their goods local community gets a premium- spent on schools, hospitals :) farmers get higher incomes :( some consumers cant afford fairtrade
34
debt relief
HIC's write off the debts of LIC's :) gives money to develop- money to improve services :( might not be used correctly
35
microfinance loans
small loan given to villages farmers given money to improve crop yields E.g buying irrigation systems :) poorer people not dependant on charities :( must be paid back
36
reasons for the growth of tunisia's tourism industry
climate- hot summers links with europe- people speak french cheap package holidays- TUI landscape- beaches, mountains
37
explain the multiplier effect
1- growth of jobs in tourism industry 2- workers get more money 3- spend money in local shops 4- increased taxes to government 5- government improves services/ infrastructure 6- attracts more tourists
38
positives of tourism in Tunisia
job creation- multiplier effect literacy rates increased by 13% education for girls
39
negatives of tourism in tunisia
2015- terrorist attack at a holiday resort- tourism decline pollution- sewage on beaches footpath erosion- attraction is destroyed water intensive- causes water scarcity- locals spend money on water not health- sick profit leakage to foreign investors
40
describe the location of Nigeria
west Africa Coastal country East of Benin, South of Niger capital city is Abuja
41
global importance of nigeria
nollywood- nigerian film industry third largest in world nigerian diaspora has 1.24 million in other countries 2.7% of world's oil supplied by nigeria african cup of nations
42
regional importance of nigeria
has largest population in africa- 218 million largest economy in west africa leadership roles- formation of african union
43
how does environment vary across nigeria
north- dry, little vegetation,close to sahara desert, hard to grow crops on- farmers get less income south- coastal, tropical, close to equator internal migration from north to south
44
how does diversity vary across nigeria
north- mainly muslim south- mainly christian 250 ethnic groups make up a third of population- different beliefs could cause conflict
45
cultural importance of nigeria
nigerian football team won african cup of nations 3 times- attracts tourists- tourist revenue
46
define NEE
countries experiencing economic development, mainly with industrialisation, not agriculture
47
positives of a youthful population
nightlife- attracts tourists young workforce- attracts investors labour shortages filled
48
negatives of a youthful population
overpopulation due to high birth rates not enough housing pressure on services
49
political context of nigeria
british colony slave trafficking civil war from declaration of independence
50
describe nigeria's changing industrial structure
used to be mainly agriculture (primary sector) is now mainly services (tertiary sector) telecommunications- mobile phones film industry- nollywood 3rd largest in world
51
dangote cement
secondary industry 30,000 nigerian employees to build homes, infrastructure- homes for locals, income for locals- multiplier effect attracts foreign companies
52
nigeria's oil industry
nigeria supplies china with 30,000 oil barrels a day china invested $1 billion into improving railways- brought jobs in short-term job creation- 10% of nigerias population works in oil industry
53
shell
a TNC that extracts oil operates in nigeria
54
social impacts of shell
:) niger delta- poor region, shell created schools (jobs), pharmacy, gave running water and electricity- improved quality of living :) job creation :( poor working conditions, long hours little pay :( oil theft turns niger delta into a centre for crime :( oil spills- less fish- less food
55
economic impacts of shell
:) 90% of workers are nigerian :) 20,000 indirect jobs, 6000 direct jobs :( oil theft- costs shell and government billion dollars :( profit leakage :( management positions taken by foreigners
56
environmental impacts of shell
:) shell foundation helps sustainability :( oil spills- destroy mangroves, kill fish :( toxic fumes - air pollution :( reliance on fossil fuels- global warming
57
nigerias trading relationships
part of the commonwealth- strong links with UK part of african union exports crude oil, rubber, cotton to the EU :( primary goods, little value
58
bilateral aid
aid from one country to another UK give £300million to nigeria a year China gives weapons
59
multilateral aid
aid from a group of countries to another
60
4 reasons nigeria needs aid
- debt relief -terrorism (boko haram) -famine -malaria
61
large scale aid in nigeria top down
money to build a dam- short term job creation, energy, irrigation for farmers :( expensive to maintain and build :( floods
62
small scale aid in nigeria bottom up
'roll back malaria' christian aid taught sanitation and how to use malaria nets introduced boreholes instead of wells
63
short term/ emergency aid
help victims of terrorism UNHCR- provide shelter, food, medicine :( short-term
64
long term/ development aid
aid to nigeria from UK encourage contraception fight malaria improve infrastructure
65
environmental impacts of industrial growth
toxic waste dumped in rivers- water pollution toxic fumes- air pollution, respiratory problems
66
environmental impacts of urban growth
squatter settlements- poor waste disposal traffic congestion- air pollution urban expansion as a cause of deforestation
67
environmental impacts of mineral and oil extraction
mining- chemicals pollute rivers- kills fish oil spills- kill mangroves- kill fish oil spills cause fires- releases CO2
68
positive effects of economic development in nigeria
life expectancy rose from 45 to 55 HDI rose from 0.467 to 0.535 niger delta job creation- multiplier effect money from oil exports
69
negative effects of economic development in nigeria
urban disparities- north is undeveloped boko haram- lowers life expectancy oil spills, oil theft, reliance on fossil fuels = global warming

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