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Geography > changing economic world > Flashcards

changing economic world Flashcards

1
Q

define gross domestic product

A

the total value of goods and services a country produces in one year

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2
Q

define migration

A

movement of people from one place to another to live or work

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3
Q

define transnational corporation

A

a company that has investments in many countries

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4
Q

define industrial structure

A

the proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy
(primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

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5
Q

define development

A

the progress of a country in terms of economic growth

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6
Q

define development gap

A

the difference in living standards between HIC’s and LIC’s

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7
Q

define gross national income

A

the total amount of money earned by a nation’s businesses, including businesses overseas

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8
Q

define human development index

A

a measure of average achievement in areas of human development, health, education and standard of living

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9
Q

how is GDP different to GNI

A

GDP doesn’t include national income abroad

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10
Q

name the fast developing countries
BRICs
MINTs

A

brazil
russia
india
china
mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey

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11
Q

what is the world’s current population

A

8 billion

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12
Q

ways to measure development

A

literacy rates
people per doctor
GNI
birth/ death rates
infant mortality
life expectancy
access to safe water

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13
Q

how does people per doctor affect social quality of life

A

in HIC’s there are more doctors, so less people per doctor- they receive better medical care
LIC’s cannot afford medical resources such as machines

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14
Q

how does literacy rates affect social quality of life

A

low literacy rates means kids lack a valuable education- cannot get great jobs e.g doctors
less doctors= more patients untreated

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15
Q

define birth/death rates

A

the number of births/ deaths per 1000 population

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16
Q

define infant mortality rates

A

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 population

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17
Q

define life expectancy

A

the average number of years a person is expected to live

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18
Q

define literacy rates

A

the percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills

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19
Q

what makes up the human development index

A

education
life expectancy
income

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20
Q

why is healthcare a significant development indicator

A

poor quality pf healthcare means higher death rates and a lower life expectancy

sick people cannot work- dont earn a salary- less government taxes

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21
Q

population characteristics of LIC’s and HIC’s

A

LIC- low life expectancy, increasing population due to a lack of contraception, high birth rates
HIC- high life expectancy
slowly declining population as people have less kids

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22
Q

physical causes of uneven development

A

diseases- people unable to work

extreme weather- droughts means reduced crop yield
floods- damages infrastructure

limited access to clean water- makes people unable to work

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23
Q

positive effects of colonialism

A

europeans brought new technology to african countries to help with farming and infrastructure

education- global countries were taught english

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24
Q

negative effects of colonialism

A

african, asian, south american cultures became part of slave trade

Haiti colonised by the french and they mismanaged land- degradation of natural resources

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25
Q

Haiti earthquake

A

2010, magnitude of 7
250,000 dead- lead to water contamination- diseases

300,000 injured- overcrowding in hospitals

300,000 homes damaged- homelessness

25% schools destroyed- lower literacy rates

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26
Q

economic causes of uneven development

A

poverty- less taxes to government, so less investment into improving infrastructure

trade- LIC’s trade primary goods that have low value and generate little money
HIC’s trade secondary goods (TVs, computers)

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27
Q

outcomes of uneven development

A

global migration
wealth unevenly distributed
poor healthcare and education

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28
Q

strategies to reduce the development gap

A

global scale:
investment by TNC’s
industrial development
aid

small scale:
intermediate technology
fairtrade
debt relief
microfinance loans

29
Q

investment by TNC’s

A

FDI (foreign direct investment)

:( are footloose- can leave at anytime so economic growth is not always long-term]
:( profit leakage

30
Q

industrial development

A

china’s economic growth by development of manufacturing industries (steel, electric goods)

economic zones- international investors don’t pay tax

:( poor working conditions
:( rich/poor inequalities
:( air pollution, waste

:) job opportunities
:) development
:) attracts investors

31
Q

aid

A

gift to other countries (LIC’s)
UK gives 0.7% of income to international countries- Syria, Nigeria

:) development- building a dam brings energy and jobs
:( only short-term development

32
Q

intermediate technology

A

reduces energy costs
E.g solar panels for farmers to fuel irrigation systems

:) reduces costs
:( small scale- doesn’t help many farmers

33
Q

fairtrade

A

producers get a fair minimum wage for their goods

local community gets a premium- spent on schools, hospitals

:) farmers get higher incomes
:( some consumers cant afford fairtrade

34
Q

debt relief

A

HIC’s write off the debts of LIC’s
:) gives money to develop- money to improve services

:( might not be used correctly

35
Q

microfinance loans

A

small loan given to villages

farmers given money to improve crop yields E.g buying irrigation systems

:) poorer people not dependant on charities
:( must be paid back

36
Q

reasons for the growth of tunisia’s tourism industry

A

climate- hot summers

links with europe- people speak french

cheap package holidays- TUI

landscape- beaches, mountains

37
Q

explain the multiplier effect

A

1- growth of jobs in tourism industry
2- workers get more money
3- spend money in local shops
4- increased taxes to government
5- government improves services/ infrastructure
6- attracts more tourists

38
Q

positives of tourism in Tunisia

A

job creation- multiplier effect

literacy rates increased by 13%

education for girls

39
Q

negatives of tourism in tunisia

A

2015- terrorist attack at a holiday resort- tourism decline

pollution- sewage on beaches
footpath erosion- attraction is destroyed

water intensive- causes water scarcity- locals spend money on water not health- sick

profit leakage to foreign investors

40
Q

describe the location of Nigeria

A

west Africa
Coastal country
East of Benin, South of Niger
capital city is Abuja

41
Q

global importance of nigeria

A

nollywood- nigerian film industry third largest in world

nigerian diaspora has 1.24 million in other countries

2.7% of world’s oil supplied by nigeria

african cup of nations

42
Q

regional importance of nigeria

A

has largest population in africa- 218 million

largest economy in west africa

leadership roles- formation of african union

43
Q

how does environment vary across nigeria

A

north- dry, little vegetation,close to sahara desert, hard to grow crops on- farmers get less income

south- coastal, tropical, close to equator
internal migration from north to south

44
Q

how does diversity vary across nigeria

A

north- mainly muslim
south- mainly christian

250 ethnic groups make up a third of population- different beliefs could cause conflict

45
Q

cultural importance of nigeria

A

nigerian football team won african cup of nations 3 times- attracts tourists- tourist revenue

46
Q

define NEE

A

countries experiencing economic development, mainly with industrialisation, not agriculture

47
Q

positives of a youthful population

A

nightlife- attracts tourists

young workforce- attracts investors

labour shortages filled

48
Q

negatives of a youthful population

A

overpopulation due to high birth rates

not enough housing
pressure on services

49
Q

political context of nigeria

A

british colony
slave trafficking
civil war from declaration of independence

50
Q

describe nigeria’s changing industrial structure

A

used to be mainly agriculture (primary sector)
is now mainly services (tertiary sector)

telecommunications- mobile phones
film industry- nollywood 3rd largest in world

51
Q

dangote cement

A

secondary industry
30,000 nigerian employees

to build homes, infrastructure- homes for locals, income for locals- multiplier effect

attracts foreign companies

52
Q

nigeria’s oil industry

A

nigeria supplies china with 30,000 oil barrels a day

china invested $1 billion into improving railways- brought jobs in short-term

job creation- 10% of nigerias population works in oil industry

53
Q

shell

A

a TNC that extracts oil
operates in nigeria

54
Q

social impacts of shell

A

:) niger delta- poor region, shell created schools (jobs), pharmacy, gave running water and electricity- improved quality of living
:) job creation

:( poor working conditions, long hours little pay
:( oil theft turns niger delta into a centre for crime
:( oil spills- less fish- less food

55
Q

economic impacts of shell

A

:) 90% of workers are nigerian
:) 20,000 indirect jobs, 6000 direct jobs

:( oil theft- costs shell and government billion dollars
:( profit leakage
:( management positions taken by foreigners

56
Q

environmental impacts of shell

A

:) shell foundation helps sustainability

:( oil spills- destroy mangroves, kill fish
:( toxic fumes - air pollution
:( reliance on fossil fuels- global warming

57
Q

nigerias trading relationships

A

part of the commonwealth- strong links with UK

part of african union

exports crude oil, rubber, cotton to the EU :( primary goods, little value

58
Q

bilateral aid

A

aid from one country to another
UK give £300million to nigeria a year
China gives weapons

59
Q

multilateral aid

A

aid from a group of countries to another

60
Q

4 reasons nigeria needs aid

A
  • debt relief
    -terrorism (boko haram)
    -famine
    -malaria
61
Q

large scale aid in nigeria
top down

A

money to build a dam- short term job creation, energy, irrigation for farmers

:( expensive to maintain and build
:( floods

62
Q

small scale aid in nigeria
bottom up

A

‘roll back malaria’
christian aid taught sanitation and how to use malaria nets

introduced boreholes instead of wells

63
Q

short term/ emergency aid

A

help victims of terrorism
UNHCR- provide shelter, food, medicine
:( short-term

64
Q

long term/ development aid

A

aid to nigeria from UK
encourage contraception
fight malaria
improve infrastructure

65
Q

environmental impacts of industrial growth

A

toxic waste dumped in rivers- water pollution

toxic fumes- air pollution, respiratory problems

66
Q

environmental impacts of urban growth

A

squatter settlements- poor waste disposal

traffic congestion- air pollution

urban expansion as a cause of deforestation

67
Q

environmental impacts of mineral and oil extraction

A

mining- chemicals pollute rivers- kills fish

oil spills- kill mangroves- kill fish
oil spills cause fires- releases CO2

68
Q

positive effects of economic development in nigeria

A

life expectancy rose from 45 to 55
HDI rose from 0.467 to 0.535
niger delta
job creation- multiplier effect
money from oil exports

69
Q

negative effects of economic development in nigeria

A

urban disparities- north is undeveloped
boko haram- lowers life expectancy
oil spills, oil theft, reliance on fossil fuels = global warming

Geography (15 decks)

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