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Geography > changing economic world- UK > Flashcards

changing economic world- UK Flashcards

1
Q

define globalisation

A

the process which created a connected world, increases in trade, migration and tourism

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2
Q

define deindustrialisation

A

the decline of a country’s manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets, competition from NEE’s

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3
Q

government policy

A

a plan decided by a government to manage issues in a country

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4
Q

primary sector

A

extracting raw materials from the natural environment

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5
Q

secondary sector

A

process raw materials into manufactured goods

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6
Q

tertiary sector

A

selling of services and skills
e.g doctor

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7
Q

quaternary sector

A

information services, research and development

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8
Q

main causes of deindustrialisation

A

-increasing cost of production
-globalisation
-declining investments
-changing government policies

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9
Q

decline of coal mines

A

government policy privatised coal mining industries
privatised- sold them to companies

loss of 30,000 uk coal mines

Tata steel has decreased from 18,000 to 3,300 jobs due to cheap chinese steel imports- de-multiplier effect

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10
Q

describe the de-multiplier effect

A
  1. closure of industry
  2. loss of jobs
  3. unemployment
  4. social costs/ issues
  5. lack of local spending
  6. closure of local businesses
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11
Q

example of area which has been most affected by de-industrialisation in the UK

A

sunderland- near the sea so ports for exports/ imports
closure of coal mines and ship yards- demultiplier effect

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12
Q

how did de-industrialisation cause economic change in UK

A

mechanisation- as technology became more advanced, machines replaced farmers

machines- more reliable, cheaper to run

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13
Q

how did globalisation cause economic change in UK

A

cheaper crops are imported from countries overseas where there is mass production
labour and land is cheaper overseas

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14
Q

how did government policy cause economic change in UK

A

the UK and EU have strict laws for environmental pollution from businesses

makes it expensive for businesses to make products in UK

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15
Q

define post industrial economy

A

economically developed countries where employment is mainly in service industries

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16
Q

what is the UK’s economy now based on
name the 5 industries

A

knowledge and research (require an educated workforce)

-information technology
-service industries
-finance
-research
-science & business parks

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17
Q

industries in the post-industry are footloose- what does this mean

A

footloose- they’re not tied to heavy raw materials so can locate wherever they have a cost advantage

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18
Q

why are industries in the post-industry are closer to major transport routes

A

motorways, railways- offer maximum access for customers and employees

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19
Q

industries in the post-industry agglomerate together- what does this mean

A

they get together and exchange ideas
are geographically close

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20
Q

describe the location of science parks in UK

A

close to london- capital city

close to universities- attract skilled graduates

close to motorways- transport links

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21
Q

define growth corridor

A

an area of a country where the economy is growing, often along a major transport route linking cities

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22
Q

what must an area have to be considered a growth corridor

A

-skilled workforce
-good transport links
-quaternary industries

23
Q

M4 corridor

A

produces 8% of UK’s economic output
-sub-urban living

:) close to countryside
:) cheaper rent outside london
:) near to universities e.g bristol

24
Q

describe location of Cambridge science park

A

in Cambridge, East England
near the M11
near Stansted airport

25
Q

key characteristics of Cambridge science park

A

major hub for hi-tech industry
7,250 employees
cambridge graduates
open greenspace, parking

Abcam- makes + sells antibodies to other countries, researches cancer

26
Q

benefits of Cambridge science park

A

-health facilities for locals

-investment into public transport

-cambridge famous for medical research- brings investment

-indirect jobs- security, cafe workers

27
Q

disadvantages of Cambridge science park

A

-increase in house prices due to greater demand

-traffic congestion

28
Q

why have companies clustered together at Cambridge science park

A

many companies, e.g 34 biomedical companies

-share equipment
-share workers, ideas

companies in cambridge so they can offer high quality of living, and attract skilled workers

29
Q

give impacts of industry on the environment

A

quarries- make land unattractive, destroys habitats

waste releases toxins into soil

factories release CO2- global warming

release of chemicals which pollutes water supplies

30
Q

environmental impacts of limestone quarrying in Torr Quarry (somerset)

A

-deforestation
-destruction of habitats
-water pollution
-air pollution

31
Q

define sustainability

A

development that meets needs of present people whilst protecting resources for the future generations

32
Q

positives of torr quarry

A

generates £15 million a year to local economy

source of construction materials

makes 7.5 million tonnes of limestone a year

over 100 employees

33
Q

negatives of torr quarry

A

air pollution- increased CO2 emissions from lorries transporting materials

noise pollution

environmental degradation

34
Q

sustainable practices at torr quarry

A

60 acres of site landscaped, trees planted, creation of wildlife lakes- restores natural habitats

limestone transported by rail- less on road vehicles, less traffic congestion

monitoring noise, dust emissions- reduces pollution

dig deeper not wider- protects surrounding greenfield sites

35
Q

give opportunities/ challenges of rural living

A

:) cheap house prices
:) less congestion
:) open green space

:( long commutes
:( poor public transport
:( ageing population
:( lack of recreational activities

36
Q

which rural area is seeing population growth

A

South Cambridgeshire

near to London and Cambridge- young adults migrate there for education, university

37
Q

negatives/ positives of population growth in south cambrisdgeshire

A

:( increase in house prices
:( traffic congestion- air pollution
:( lack of agricultural employment- land is used to build house

:) takes pressure off cambridge
:) development
:) increased social diversity

38
Q

which rural area is seeing population decline

A

the outer hebrides

young adults migrate to cities due to a lack of job opportunities in rural areas

cities have better transport links and recreation

39
Q

negative impacts of population decline in the outer hebrides

A

less young adults- less families- less children- schools close

older workforce- unattractive to investors

lack of economic development

40
Q

road improvements in UK

A

new lanes added to motorways- reduces congestion
bypasses- new roads around congested areas

smart motorways (closing the hard shoulder to add a lane)
scrapped as of 2023 due to accidents

41
Q

railway improvements in UK

A

HS2- connects london and manchester
:( loss of countryside, close to homes
:) reduces pressure on motorways

Crossrail- connects reading and east london, mainly for commuters
Issues- delays, strikes

42
Q

seaport improvements in UK

A

Liverpool 2- a new terminal at liverpool port

:) job creation
:) reduces north/ south divide
:) doubles port capacity

43
Q

air travel development in UK

A

a 3rd runway at Heathrow

:) increased air travel- more income generated

:( increased flights- more carbon emissions- global warming

44
Q

what is the north- south divide

A

the socioeconomic and cultural disparities between the south east and rest of UK

differences in house prices, salaries, job creation rates

45
Q

why is there a north-south divide

A

during industrial revolution, UK’s growth centred around coal industry
coal mines in north UK

industries declined overtime due to loss of resources- unemployment

london and south-east have a rapidly growing tertiary sector E.g business parks

46
Q

strategies to reduce north-south divide

A

reduced taxes- attracts investment from TNCs, creates jobs
E.g Mitsubishi near Edinburgh

transport improvements- HS2, liverpool 2

enterprise zones- superfast broadband- attracts new businesses- :) job creation

LEP- local enterprise partnerships, partnerships between local authorities and businesses E.g lancashire LEP aerospace

47
Q

northern powerhouse

A

a concept to invest into de-industrialised area in north- Nottingham, leeds

£13 billion spent on improving northern transport- allows easy access
E.g upgrade to M1- reduces congestion

Mediacity UK- home to BBC, ITV- job creation
investment in smaller digital businesses

48
Q

describe UK’s historical and political links with the world

A

british empire had colonies in many countries

they gained independence and became a member of commonwealth

49
Q

UK trade links with the world

A

trade- trading partners with UN
main imports come from Germany, USA, China

UK’s exports go mostly to India, Russia

50
Q

UK culture links with world

A

television- one of the UK’s major industries
generates £1.25 billion a year
Dr Who, Sherlock, the office

51
Q

UK transport links with world

A

airports- gatwick, heathrow
eurostar
ferries - dover port

52
Q

UK electrical communications with world

A

arctic fibre project- 15,000km of cables linking tokyo and london

53
Q

UK and the EU

A

goods and services move freely between countries- no taxes

people migrate to UK for higher paid jobs

european funds support development in UK

54
Q

UK and commonwealth

A

commonwealth games- sporting event, attracts tourists

countries of the british empire, co-operation between countries

migration from commonwealth countries to UK

Geography (15 decks)

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