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Glaciation Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

define glacial

A

an extremely cold period of time during an ice age

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2
Q

define interglacial

A

a period of warmth during an overall period of glaciation

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3
Q

describe Britain in the last ice age

A

wooly mammoths, wolves
ice streams
extremely cold

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4
Q

define weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks in situ by the action of rainwater, biological activity and extreme temperatures

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5
Q

2 types of erosion

A

abrasion
plucking

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6
Q

describe abrasion

A

rocks at the bottom of the glacier grind against the bedrock forming sharp grooves called striations.

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7
Q

describe plucking

A

ice freezes onto large boulders which are then pulled out of the ground as the glacier advances
occurs at the back wall of corries

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8
Q

define erosion

A

the wearing down or removal of land due to flowing water, ice or wind.

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9
Q

glacial deposition

A

the glacier loses energy so it drops materials (till)

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10
Q

till

A

an unsorted mixture of materials, varies from small pebbles to large boulders

points in direction glacier moves

forms moraines

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11
Q

lodgement till

A

material deposited directly as the glacier moves forwards

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12
Q

ablation till

A

material deposited as the glacier melts

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13
Q

3 types of glacial transport

A

subglacial- material transported at the base of the glacier

englacial- material transported in the glacier

supra-glacial- material transported above the glacier

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14
Q

outwash

A

sediment carried by meltwater rivers
some outwash is rounded due to attrition by river erosion

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15
Q

accumulation

A

snow falling
build up of glacial ice due to snow being compacted into ice

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16
Q

ablation

A

snow melting
glacial ice melting during summer

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17
Q

explain rotational slip

A

snow collects on top of glacier, is heavy enough to push glacier downhill.
weight of ice on top of the glacier puts pressure on ice at the base of the glacier, so it melts
so the glacier moves by rotational slip- circular motion

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18
Q

when does a glacier retreat

A

when there is an increase in temperatures
when there is a decrease in snowfall
when ablation is greater than accumulation

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19
Q

snout

A

the end of a glacier

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20
Q

where does ablation occur

Study These Flashcards
A

at the snout of the glacier

21
Q

corrie formation

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. snow accumulates in depressions
    2.overtime snow becomes glacial ice
    3.freeze-thaw weathering occurs, this produces scree
    4.the scree grinds against bedrock (abrasion) so the hollow deepens due to abrasion
    5.plucking occurs as the glacier moves downhill by rotational slip, this steepens the back wall
    6.there’s less erosion at the front so a corrie lip forms
  2. when ice melts, a tarn forms
22
Q

3 conditions for freeze-thaw weathering

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. frequent temperatures below and above 0 degrees
  2. supply of liquid water
  3. supply of rocks with cracks in them
23
Q

describe freeze-thaw weathering

Study These Flashcards
A

water gets into cracks in rocks, it freezes and expands, then it melts
the process repeats until pressure is great enough to crack the rock completely

24
Q

when does a glacier advance

Study These Flashcards
A

when accumulation is greater than ablation
decrease in temperatures
increase in snowfall

25
describe bulldozing
rock and debris are pushed downhill by the force of moving ice
26
describe rotational slip
circular movement of ice in a corrie
27
describe moraine
moraine is material carried and deposited by a glacier formed by deposition
28
describe the 4 types of moraine
lateral- material deposited along the sides of the glacier (remain intact as they're less likely to be eroded by meltwater) medial- material deposited in the middle of the glacier ground- material deposited beneath the glacier terminal- material deposited at the end of the glacier
29
what is an arête
2 corries eroded back to back by plucking and abrasion to form a narrow ridge between them E.g striding edge in Lake District
30
what is a pyramidal peak
multiple corries (3 or more) erode by abrasion and plucking back into the mountain forming a peak E.g Mt Everest
31
what is a glacial trough
a huge U-shaped valley formed by erosion the glacier cuts through interlocking spurs, forming truncated spurs some have hanging valleys and narrow ribbon lakes flat and wide bottom, steep sides
32
what are: hanging valleys? ribbon lakes?
hanging valley is a tributary valley that is on the main valley wall, high above the main valley floor ribbon lakes are narrow, deep freshwater lakes formed by increased vertical erosion
33
describe the 3 areas where erosion increases
1. when a band of weaker, easily eroded rock crosses the valley 2.when a tributary glacier joins a main glacier, this increases the glacier's mass which increases erosion 3. when the valley sides become narrower
34
what are erratics
boulders carried by the glacier and deposited into an area of differing rock type can originate from hundreds of miles away
35
what are drumlins
smooth mounds of deposited material formed parallel to the direction of the glacier's movement
36
how are hanging valleys formed
tributary glaciers flow into the main glacier they don't have the same erosion power as the main glacier, so they are cut off by the main glacial valley and hang over the main valley floor
37
how are U-shaped valleys formed
ice fills the valley there is erosion of both sides and the floor valley becomes straighter as ice cuts through hard rock the glacier has lots of power and erodes slope material which widens the valley into a U shape
38
tourism vs farmers conflict
tourists leave gates open-animals escape dogs worry sheep tourists litter- danger to animals
39
quarrying vs conservation conflict
quarrying destroys habitats makes area look unattractive
40
tourism vs conservation conflict
tourists cause footpath erosion- makes area unattractive more vehicles=more air pollution
41
energy vs conservation conflict
wind farms ruin the view wind turbines are a danger to birds
42
forestry conflict
many trees of the same species reduces biodiversity
43
reservoirs vs conservation conflict
disrupts fish migration displaces locals
44
define conservation
the act of protecting Earth's natural resources for current and future generations
45
tourism in the Lake District social pros and cons
pros: -opportunities for boating, fishing, hiking cons: -more vehicles =air pollution=respiratory problems -pressure on facilities -tourists buy holiday homes- increases price of homes for locals
46
tourism in the Lake District economic pros
pros: -brings money to local businesses=multiplier effect -50 million tourists a year
47
tourism in the Lake District environmental pros and cons
cons: -air pollution from vehicles -footpath erosion -conflicts
48
management of issues of tourism in the lake district
traffic congestion-encourage public transport go lake travel programme footpath erosion: -volunteer groups repair footpaths with sheep wool & stone fix the fells project
49
what is quarrying
removing rocks and minerals from the ground to make products quarrying slate in the lake district- used for roofs, gardens pollution- air, water, noise loss of biodiversity habitats destroyed

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