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Geography > urban issues- London > Flashcards

urban issues- London Flashcards

1
Q

describe the location of London

A

south east England
capital city
pop. of 9.6million

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2
Q

why are there cities in the north

A

in the past manufacturing industries and coal mines were concentrated across northern cities
seeing pop. decline due to closure of coal mines and shipyards

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3
Q

why are there cities in the south

A

growing service sector
rapid economic growth
flat land- agriculture

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4
Q

national importance of london

A

hosts parliament
47% green space- 8 royal parks
top universities
integrated transport system
diversity- over 2million don’t speak english at home

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5
Q

international importance of london

A

80 million passengers at LHR in 2018- tourism
largest stock exchange in the world
125,000 international students

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6
Q

advantages of multiculturalism in london

A

increases cultural diversity
cultural food markets- attracts tourists

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7
Q

define multiculturalism

A

a place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity.

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8
Q

disadvantages of multiculturalism

A

difficult for people to converse with each other if someone does not speak english

ghettoes- poorer cultural groups live in the poorest parts of cities.

Language- schools and hospitals have to provide translators

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9
Q

opportunities of urbanisation in london

A

cultural mix
recreation
employment
urban greening
integrated transport

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10
Q

recreation opportunities in london

A

british museum, national gallery, history museum- attracts tourists

parliament, big ben, london eye

increased tourist revenue- more funds to improve services

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11
Q

employment opportunities in london

A

london productivity is 40% higher than UK average

largest stock exchange in the world

generates £425billion to UK

many businesses- direct and indirect jobs E.g security

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12
Q

transport opportunities in london

A

integrated transport system- different forms of transport link together

underground, train, buses, taxis

350,000 commutes a day

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13
Q

urban greening opportunities in london

A

rooftop gardens- growing plants
plants absorb CO2- reduces carbon emissions- reduces global warming
8 royal parks

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14
Q

define urban greening

A

increasing proportion of green spaces in a city

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15
Q

challenges with housing in london

A

more expensive than any other part of England

most people rent not own

some people live in poor quality, whilst some live in expensive properties

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16
Q

challenges with education in london

A

schools in poorer areas have a poorer quality of education- low GCSE points per student

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17
Q

challenges with health in london

A

wealthy areas have a longer life expectancy- can afford private, expensive medical care
poorer families- poorer health

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18
Q

challenges with employment in london

A

unemployment- major issue

reduced demand for services- workers are laid off

(E.g teachers during covid)

19
Q

define urban decline

A

the deterioration of a city often due to lack of investment and maintenance

20
Q

define urban deprivation

A

a poor standard of living where one lacks access to services

21
Q

how does deindustrialisation cause urban decline

A

businesses close- less workers needed- workers are laid off- unemployed- have less money to spend- demultiplier effect- some turn to crime

22
Q

what are rural urban fringes

A

The edges of cities

23
Q

define urban sprawl

A

the growth of cities into the countryside

24
Q

negative impacts of urban sprawl on the countryside

A

increased traffic congestion- air pollution

taxes increase- government requires more money to build infrastructure

air pollution causes respiratory problems

habitats displaced

25
Q

what are brownfield sites

A

previously developed land, now abandoned

26
Q

what are greenfield sites

A

land which has not been built on

27
Q

define green belt

A

an area of open land surrounding an urban area

28
Q

positives of building on brownfield sites

A

sustainable as existing developed land is being used

stops urban sprawl -reduces loss of countryside, reduces commute lengths and times

better transport links in the city

easier to gain planning permission as councils want to reuse brownfield sites.

29
Q

positives of building on greenfield sites

A

no need to clean the site from previous land uses- cheaper.

Existing road networks are not in place so don’t restrict planning

on the edges of cities where land is cheaper

architects have a blank canvas to work with

More space for gardens

close to motorways providing access to cities

30
Q

what causes pollution in london

A

carbon emissions from cars- respiratory problems

nitrogen dioxides from car engines- lung infections, bronchitis

oil spills and sewage- water pollution

31
Q

management of pollution in london

A

an app which informs people of air quality

congestion charge- ULEZ

encourage cycling and public transport

increasing number of green spaces, planting trees

encourage recycling

32
Q

name an urban regeneration project in london

A

The Olympic Park, 2012
East London
in Lower Lea Valley- former industrial, poor, deprived area

33
Q

negatives of brownfield sites

A

need to be contaminated
need to be demolished
more expensive to build on

34
Q

negatives of greenfield sites

A

worse transport links
urban sprawl
destroys farmland

35
Q

what were the reasons for regeneration in lower lea valley

A

much of Lower Lea Valley was abandoned, derelict

the valley is easily accessible from Central London, E. train

had low income housing, poor services,

36
Q

social positives/negatives of the olympic park

A

:) athletes village turned into new housing
:) new school- high quality education
:) Stratford Tube Station- allows commutes

:( unaffordable housing
:( many people are still deprived

37
Q

economic positives/negatives of the olympic park

A

:) generated £10 billion
:) job creation- builders
:) increased tourism

:( cost £700million
:( only short-term jobs

38
Q

environmental positives/negatives of the olympic park

A

:) olympic park- new animal habitats
:) built with 25% recycles materials
:) built on brownfield sites

:( produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2
:( increased tourism- increased traffic congestion- more carbon emissions

39
Q

define urban regeneration

A

when an urban area is upgraded

40
Q

name urban transport strategies in london

A

Low emission zones
Santander cycles
Integrated transport system

41
Q

explain low emission zones

A

£12.50 fee for heavy polluting vehicles E.g diesel cars

:) reduces air pollution- less respiratory issues
:) less carbon emissions
:) encourages purchase of electric cars
:) encourages people to walk, cycle, use public transport

:( people cannot afford new cars- lose money everyday due to the fee

42
Q

explain santander cycles

A

bikes around london- 700 docking stations, 10,000 bikes

:) less vehicles on road- less congestion
:) less carbon emissions
:) cheap
:) improves physical health

:( bad weather- rain, cold
:( takes time- late to work

43
Q

explain integrated transport systems

A

forms of transport that link together- buses, taxis, underground

:) less vehicles on road- less emissions
:) cheap fees

:( uncomfortable, dirty
:( crowded

Geography (15 decks)

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