Changing Nature Of Tourism Flashcards
(18 cards)
Tourism definition
when people visit another region or area for a period of at least 24 hours It can be international or within the country of the traveller
Mass Tourism definition
practice where many tens of thousands of people go to the same resort at the same time of year
How Tourism has developed into Global Industry
Over last 60-70 years tourism increasingly accessible to all people
- up to that point it was a luxury only very wealthy could afford
1950s flight avg person could not afford
today no. domestic and international holidays highest level its ever been
last few yrs no. global international tourist arrivals has topped 1billion - 25mil in 1950
Majority Europe (607m) then N.America (127m)
far fewer S.America, Asia and Africa
2015 1,260billion dolars in inter. tourism receipts
global tourism now represents 10% global GDP- accounts for 1 in every 11 jobs
level domestic tourism est. 5-6billion people
How dev in Transport has helped
helped tourist industry become more mainstream
as infra improved - journey times reduced
railways = relative comfort at a reasonable cost
cruise liners, passenger ferries and planes - enable people consider visiting distant places
rise of motor car meant ever incr no. people had access to their own means of transport - allow explore own country and beyond
dev motorways and new regional airports - travel easier
time transport lessened - felt places were closer and more accessible
How increase in Disposable Incomes helped
work pattern many people now enjoy - helps facilitate time and money that can be used for holidays
working conditions in UK gradually improved - 50yrs ago workers did not have same amt time off - may been allowed 1 week for local seaside tourist resort
Workers in UK now entitled to 5.6 weeks paid holiday per year (statutory leave entitlement)
Workers now paid much better wages - more disposable income to spend on leisure
many people able to afford multiple holidays - retired often able to afford a few foreign holidays each year
Rise of Package Holidays
First Thomas Cook overseas tour to USA in 1855
resorts in Mediterranean became popular in 1960s as marketed as having year-round sunshine - much better weather than British summer meant package holidays to hotter climates in Spain became the norm
Number of British people taking package holidays abroad reached 15.9mil in 2014
Impact of Internet Access
Computers enabled air traffic control procedures to become increasingly complex - allow aircraft to fly on autopilot - have automated baggage procedures
Universal internet access means people make travel arrangements quickly - less need to book appointments with a travel agent - quickly scan through holiday options on computer or phone and make booking themselves
Many booking sys based on complicated central reservation sys - typical user can quickly internet search if rooms are available at any hotel around world and fin price instantly
Travel agents been on decrease recent years - people take more responsibility for booking their own travel arrangements
Tour operators can maximise sales by offering special deals to promote unsold holidays in last few days before departure
Positive Social Impacts of Tourism
- cultural exchange can be stimulated due to broadening of horizons - reduced prejudice between visitors and locals - culture of indigenous people protected due to tourist interest
- allows enhanced role for women in society - status increased as providing needs for tourists
-education improved. Directly - better funding. Indirectly - through contact students and families will have with inter. travellers
-travel to other countries encouraged - more mobility and social integration in countries w/ growing tourism. Many global hotel chains offer opp for staff to go on placement in other hotels around world
-many of local services and infra improved in order to cater to needs of tourist - plus greater range of shops, restaurants and leisure facilities
Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism
-most cases increased GDP directly and incr multiplier effect - brings more ‘hard currency’ into country
-taxes paid by tourists arriving into country, paying for accom and services - increase revenue collected by gov - more money to pay for improvements for pop as a whole
-tourists from rich countries bring foreign currency that is converted to loacal currency - giving banks some hard currency that can help foreign exchange earnings
-dev usually brings foreign investment as hotel chains, global food outlets and leisure companies aim to gte their own piece of any expanison
-provides well-paid, seasonal and permanent jobs that can help improve amount money an unskilled worker may achieve
-influx tourists allow opp to make improvements to local infra - benefits to local people and tourists alike - airport facilities upgraded - roads transport links dev - security improved across cities - new hospital and health care fac built to care of visitors who are ill
-more money coming in and staying means balance of trade is improved
The Pleasure Periphery
increasing desire for stranger, further and more exotic holidays
Passport toursim - people want to go places just to say theyve been there (stamp on passport)
Over time people have been able to transport further and further
Increases in prosperity and tech enabled this mvmnt - few places left on planet that are not reachable within 24hrs travel
The Butler Model
look at way tourists resorts grow and develop over time
ever increasing reach means tourists always on the lookout for the next big thing
trends and fashions in tourism change quickly - diff countries need to ensure they remain ahead of the trend to maximise income for industry
6 Stages Butler Model
EIDCSD
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline or Rejuvination
Exploration
small numbers of early adopters visit area - attracted o unique natural/cultural/env features of an area
Few facilities for visitors
Canadian Arctic or Chile
Involvement
Over time resort grows in popularity
local residents attempt to provide some basic fac for torists
No. visitors increase and a tourist season might develop
Mexico
Development
tourist no. now expanding rapidly - mass tourism
package holiday deals organised by external operators
External orgs provide modern tourist facilities
Tensions start to build between locals and tourists
Some labour taken up by experienced migrants
Florida or Kenyan Safari Resorts
Consolidation
no. tourists continue incr
quickly becoming dominant industry of area
more tourists than residents
resort no longer considered fashionable and prices will be reduced - encourage diff type of traveller to visit
Mallorca
Stagnation
No. visitors peaks and begins to decline
resort has reached carrying capacity and number of conflicts and problems will overtake desire to cater for more tourists
Resort no longer as sustainable as it was - number of s, eco and env problems
Surplus bed capacity starts to appear
Cota del Sol
Decline or Rejuvination
tourist market becomes saturated to the point taht a decision needs to be taken to reinvest in the area or to allow the area to continue t o stagnate or decline
Tourist n. continue to drop and resort will not be able to compete with new resorts elsewhere
Use of resort might convert to a more local focus and be used for weekends or day trips only
Tourist fac will be unsustainable and will disappear - further plunging the resort into crisis - Portrush
Rejuvenation can save popularity of place
gov or travel companies might invest in new buildings, new leisure fac and new attractions that change the focus of the resort
-Blackpool or spa towns in Europe
