Traffic And Transport Flashcards
(17 cards)
Sustainable Transport should:
-allow for basic needs of individuals, companies and society to be met safely
-be affordable, operating fairly and effectively across a variety of transport modes
-limit emissions and waste as much as possible and use renewable resources where possible
Five Elements of Sustainable Transport
FOEPU
-
Fuel Economy
each type have diff impact on env and carbon intensity - improving fuel economy get same mileage while generating fewer emissions -
Occupancy
lower carbon intesnity of a passenger km is to make sure vehicles fully occupied -
Electrification
lack of breakthrough in biofuel tech - many consider electrification as most important path to achieving lower carbon transport cost -
Pedal Power
bicycle have a very low carbon fp- do not use trad energy or emit ghg - does limit transport to a local scale -
Urbanisation
people in cities lower transport emisions - drive less, more pt, cycle and walk more - offset by amount energy req to transport food and mat into the city
Has UK port imports and exports increased or decreased over the past years?
Imports Increased (dropped 2010 but incr again)
Exports decreased
How Sustainable is Sea Transport? Socioeconomic
slow but economical;
amount of expense increases with distance
-cost of maintaining ships w/ most up to date tech or passanger facilities - expensive
-port costs and taxes - expensive
freight facilities offer good value for money - cheapest method - routes and schedules highly restrictive - only few ports able to cope with bulk delivery into UK
How Sustainable is Sea Transport? Environmental
seat transport means ships can be used for many years
-ships can transport disease, pollute water and leak oil
expensive clean up operations if they crash
require large amts land for storage and links w/ additional transport methods to transport goods or people on
When did the commercial aviation boom take off?
after WWII
no. people using heathrow airport london exceeds total pop UK annually
How Sustainable is Air Transport?
one of least sustainable methods of travel
CO2 emissions due to aviation reach 1.5billion tonnes/yr by 2025
much research at present to overcome many tech challenges - allow air travel more sus
-motors, fuel cells and batteries - replace jet fuel guzzling engines w/ renewable tech such as liquid hydrogen
Air transport speed and price
fast especially over longer distances
short distances may be inflated due to delays
expensive and really only accesible to those with money
landing fees and airport taxes push prices up
actual planes expensive to buy and need to be in constant circulation in order to make money
Air Transport on Environment
high noise levels along aircraft flight patch
huge amounts of land req to supply the space req for modrn airport facilities
biggest factor = pollutants given off by aircraft
EU 1990 - 2005 ghg emissions incr 87%
efforts made to reduce - Airbus 380 ‘Green Giant’ - however fuel performance similar to Boeing 747 or 15% worse than 777
Figures from UK Office for National Statistics on Land Transport
-total distance travelled by people in GB incr 275% between 1952 and 2007 - 817bil passenger km/year
-prootion of households GB w/o access to car decreased from 86% 1951 to 22% 2008 - prop hh access to 2 caars from 1% to 27%
-2007 82% GB passenger travel involved cars/vans
bus/coach around 7% each
other modes at 4% (walking, cycling and domestic flights)
How sustainable is Land Transport?
94% all ghg emissions UK come from road transport
UK sus target Climate Change Act 2008 - reduce ghg by 80% in 2050
green vehicles designed to reduce rnv impact
electric vehicle tech dev in recent years - Nissan Leaf charge directly through cables
Hybrid vehicle use internal combustion engine and an electric engine to achieve better fuel efficiency
Natural gas and Biofuels sometimes used in vehicles - but have wider consequences
Canal and River Transport
one of first ways of transporting goods en masse within UK
slow method but cheap as very little fuel used
use of canals hit peak during Industrial Revolution but many have fallen into disrepair and would req much maintanence for continued use
relatively few env issues apart from displacement of habitats during buillding
today largely used for leisure purposes
Rail Transport SocioEco
drom mid 19th century began to replace canals
1830 first intercity railway route beteen Liv and Manc
Since 1995 massive resurgence - UK 17th largest network - 2016 1,718 million pass. 5th most used
Fast and relatively cheap to operate - number of people req to work increases costs
Dev costs may be expensive but cost-effective in long term
transfer heavy, bulky goods, mail and passengers
Rail Transport Env
noise and visual pollution low and only occur in specific places
use of fossil fuels for energy does cause carbon emissions - much less than if same number people travel by road
New electric trains much more env friendly - engines and rolling stock can last for a long time - more sustainable than other modes tp
Road Transport
since 1960s i nUK motor car most important
over 90% all journeys personal vehicles
65% domestic freight carried on roads
env one of least sustainable
cars rarely full of pass
people like flexibility - no. cars on roads in UK cont incr each yr
Huge impacts on carbon emissions and global warming
Roads take up valuable green space and kill animals
Traffic Management Strategies
attempt to reduce the use of private cars and encourage people to look for alternative solutions to getting around
Integrated transport networks
created when different types of transport are coordinated to make the transfer from one to another much easier, for example, train times and bus times might match up as they arrive into the same station
