Urban Planning Flashcards
(29 cards)
Urban Planning
concerned with the development and land use, protection, environment, public welfare and design of urban spaces
Eco-City requirements
-Operates within a self contained economy - all resources found locally
-completely carbon neutral - renewable energy resources
-well planned layout and public transport system - prioritises walking and cycling
-conserve resources - max efficiency of water and energy - dev a waste management sys - recycling emphasis
-restore environmentally damaged areas
-ensure access to quality, affordable housing for all aspects of society - improve job opp for disadvantaged groups
-support local produce and agri
-promote a simplicity of life - awareness of env issues as the central focus - concern in decision making
Urban Design
Process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages
Suitable area for eco-town
-area of dev able to provide 5000 homes
-town needs to be close to a higher order centre - clear capacity for public transport links
-needs to be close to existing and planned employment oppurtunities
-might be able to play a role in helping with other planning, development or regeneration objectives
Key features considered in Planning
zero carbon
climate change adaption
homes
employment
transport
healthy lifestyles
local services
green infra
biodiversity
water
flood risk management
waste
landscape and historic environment
What is UKs first eco-town
North West Bicester
planning approval July 2012
What must every ecotown have
an overall master plan that will demonstrate how all planning standards are to be adopted and achieved in the long term
How many people live in cities and where will most future urban expansion take place
3.5billion
95% in LEDCs
What is UK currently undergoin
housing crisis
prices jumped 151% since 1996
earnings only risen about 30%
How many homes built in UK 2015
What is required supply per year
140,000
300,000
Issues with increase in house building
planning permission, green belts, new towns, developers land banks, inefficient building methods and minimum space standards
PNGBIS
Housing Design 19th Century
factories built close to CBD - best transport links
rapid urbanisation - workers housed in cheap quickly built terraced houses
Managers might have slightly larger, detached houses along main arterial routes
Housing Design Interwar Period (1919-1939)
Local authorities involved in building homes for rent
Private house building grew rapidly - mortgages more affordable
Cities expanded beyond inner city into suburbs
Design changed from 2 up 2 down terraces w/ outside toilets
to more spacious semi and detached houses - indoor plumbing, bathrooms and even garages and gardens
Housing Design Following WWII (1945-1959)
new period building responded to destruction caused by war
Prefabrication used to supply new homes quickly
Cities continued to sprawl into countryside and footprint for houses cont to expand
Housing Design Recent Times
sub-urbanisation and counterurbanisation encouraged house building in suburban areas and beyond
Houses increased in size - modern living requires space for cars, energy for heating and good electricity supplies
Defensible Space
Oscar Newman theory that an area would only become safer when residents felt a real sense of ownership and had developed a shared responsibility for the community
People will feel comfortable challenging any anti-soc bhvr or crime in their immediate area
Sense of watchful community cause criminals to think twice before operating in an area - adoption of neighbourhood watch groups
Negative of Defensible Space
family’s claim to a territory diminish as the number of other families in area increased - less control
More people sharing a communal area - more difficult for people to feel a connection or responsibility for it
Green Belt purpose
prevent urban sprawl
Greenfield
area of land surrounding a city or town that has not been developed or built up
Brownfield
piece of land that has already been used and is now lying derelict
Re-Urbanisation
movement of people back into an area that had been previously been abandoned
Reasons for change in shopping patterns
-more affluent people in society have become suburbanised - live on outskirts of city
-technilogical changes mean more people have access to personal cars - allow flexibility in shopping
-economical changes - more disposable income - shop on more regular basis
-much congestion in city centre - people prefer to stay out of city
-out-of-town shopping centres often more accessible - free parking and access wide range of shops, food and entertainment under 1 roof
-social changes - more women working - shopping for both sexes - important part of leisure time and activities
Environmental Positives Dev of Retail Parks
-land on edge of towns/cities cheaper - more money to spend making buildings more sustainable
-edge of city reduces congestion and pollution build up in city
-many dev to fit in w/ surroundings and often make area more attractive (w/ landscaping)
Environmental Negatives Dev of Retail Parks
-if land is cheap - env footprint can be large
-greenfield sites much easier to develop at edge of city locations than brownfield in inner city
-most planned with huge car parks - encourage personal motor vehicles - much less env sustainable - PT links not as good
