The British empire controlled over (1) of the worlds land mass and (2) of its population
1 - 1/4
2 - 1/5
GB in the empire
• Established (1) companies to finance (2) for commodities e.g. spices in the (3)
• The world was (4) by GB for much of the 1800s
• Worked by direct (5) control
1 - trading 2 - voyages 3 - East Indies 4 - unipolar 5 - colonial
Define ‘imperialism’
Give an example
A relationship of political economic and cultural control between geographic areas
Control of Burma by Britain
Define ‘colonialism’
Give an example
Political rule of a nation by another
Introduction of Christianity to the British empire
Define ‘colonisation’
Give an example
Physical settling of people from a colonial power within their colony
The British moving to live and work in their empire e.g. India
The Royal Navy dominated oceans to protect colonies and (1)
In 1914, the British Navy was (2) greater than that of Germany
Military personnel emigrated to India to run the (3) and built a bridge in Kolkata to demonstrate (4) and acculturation e.g. introduction of cricket
1 - trade routes
2 - two times
3 - Raj
4 - Imperial wealth
What is the Raj?
British sovereignty in the Indian government
From 1600-1850
• Coastal forts to conquer (1) and islands e.g. Ghana
• Private trading companies defended by the armed forces e.g. (2)
1 - coastal fringes
2 - Royal African Company
1850-1945: • Introduced sport, religion and (1) • Set up (2) institutes • Exporting of (3) • Set up plantations and farms by (4)
1 - language
2 - governmental
3 - goods
4 - British settlers
Define ‘acculturation’
A process of cultural change when two cultures meet so the dominant culture will expose their ideologies on the subordinate culture
How was the empire justified?
1) Modernism • World can be improved by intervention • Europeans are superior 2) Evangelism • Natives are racially inferior 3) Social Darwinism • Strong cultures dominate and survive over weaker ones
Why did the British empire collapse?
After WW1 there was economic decline because we overspent in the war and were in effect bankrupt after WW2
When did India gain independence?
1947
1945-1990 the Cold War
What were the two dominant outlooks of the USA and USSR in the bipolar world?
USA - Globalise it’s sphere of influence to become a stronger player
USSR - Took advantage of collapsed countries in Europe to enforce its communist regime
When did NATO form?
1949
The (1) USA and communist USSR led to (2) instability and (3) wars, in 1991 the USSR fell causing a (4) world.
The rise of China is threatening to the USA’s (5)
1 - capitalist 2 - geopolitical 3 - proxy 4 - unipolar 5 - hegemony
Describe a communist country
- One party dictatorship so all candidates for election come from the same party
- Individual’s lives tightly controlled
- All property belongs to the community and industry is mostly state-owned
- Rights of the individual are less important than the good of the society
- General standard of living is low but unemployment and extreme poverty is rare
Describe a capitalist country
- Free gov demographic elections
- Free of gov control more important than equality
- Wealthy country but extremes of individual wealth and poverty
- Privately owned business and property
Who are the USA’s allies?
W.Europe through NATO as well as economic and military ties to Japan and South Korea
Who are the USSR’s allies?
E. Europe through Warsaw Pact
Describe the USA and USSR’s military power
USA: World’s largest Navy and CIA intelligence
USSR: Intelligence through KGB
Define ‘colonialism’
Direct control of other countries
Give four methods of colonialism
- Military force
- Impose gov systems, language and laws
- Different legal and social status
- Divide and rule e.g. segregation and superiority
Describe the neo-colonialism period following WW2
- Investment, trade and culture to influence independent countries instead of direct gov
- Economic imperialism rather than political
Define ‘imperialism’
A policy to extend a country’s power and influence through colonisation, military force or other means
Describe the strategic alliances of the neo-colonial period following WW2
Military alliances with developing nations and superpowers based on aid and equipment
Describe the aid following WW2 in the neo-colonial period
Aid was tied to force policy agreements
Describe TNC investment in the neo-colonial period following WW2
Potential to generate jobs and wealth depending on the policies given by recipient countries
Describe the trade terms of the neo-colonial period following WW2
Low commodity export prices but high cost for imported goods
Describe the SAPs given following WW2
To lose debt, countries must adopt Western policies from the World Bank and IMF but lose economic sovereignty as a result
Give some criticisms of neo-colonialism
- Left wing
- Prevents development e.g. war in Africa deters investment
- Corruption, a lot of money goes to few elites
- Many NICs developed e.g. Asian Tigers
Describe the superpowers in control of the world from 1920 - predicted future
1920 - British Empire
1945-1990 Cold War (USA + USSR)
Today - USA
Future - multipolar
Evaluate unpolar
+ May be more stable
- frequent challenges from other nations
Evaluate bipolar
Could be stable with opposing ideologies but depends on the support for each and diplomacy and allies
Evaluate multipolar
x May increase risk of conflict
x Could be the cause of both World Wars
x Rise of the BRICS is unstable in the 21st century but reducing influence of USA
