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chap 12 CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

where does CNS develop from

A

from embryonic neural tube

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2
Q

what does the neural tube become

A

the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to

A

sensory and autonomic neurons of the PNS

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4
Q

what does the opening of the neural tube become

A

the ventricles

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5
Q

what are the ventricles

A

four chambers within the brain
filled with CSF
continous with each other and with the central canal of the spinal cord

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6
Q

anatomy of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

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7
Q

what is the largest portion of the brain

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

how much does the cerebrum weigh

A

1200 g - females

1400g - males

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9
Q

what is the surface of the cerebrum made of

A

gyri

sulci

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10
Q

what is gyri

A

ridges

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11
Q

what are sulci

A

grooves

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12
Q

surface gyri and sulci of cerebrum

A

central sulcus
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus

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13
Q

what are fissures

A

deep grooves that divide the cerebrum into different regions of the brain

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14
Q

major fissure of cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure

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15
Q

surface lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

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16
Q

actions of frontal lobe

A 
voluntary motor function
motivation
agression
smell
mood
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17
Q

actions of temporal lobe

A

olfactory and auditory input
memory
abstract thought
judgement

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18
Q

actions of parietal lobe

A

integration of sensory information except smell, hearing, and vision

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19
Q

actions of occipital lobe

A

vision and integration of visual input

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20
Q

integration

A

reception and evaluation of information

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21
Q

specialized areas of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe, motor cortex

other lobes, sensory cortex

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22
Q

actions of motor cortex

A

voluntary skilled muscle movements

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23
Q

actions of sensory cortex

A

sensory interpretation and association

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24
Q

layers of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex
cerebral medulla
basal nuclei

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25
describe cerebral cortex
``` gray matter 1/8 thick composed of neuron cell bodies highly convoluted involved in higher brain functions and motor ```
26
why is the cerebral cortex gray
made up of cell body, no myelin
27
what are the higher brain functions
``` speech memory logic emotion interpretation of sensory input consciousness ```
28
describe cerebral medulla
myelinated nerve tracts inside the gray matter that connect areas of the CNS
29
example of cerebral medulla
corpus callosum
30
what is the corpus callosum
connector between hemispheres
31
why is the cerebral medulla white
white matter because there is more myelin
32
describe basal nuclei
internal islands of gray matter dispersed bilaterally in the inferior cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain
33
what do basal nuclei do
important in controlling and modifying motor functions; especially in start & stop movements
34
what clinical diseases affect the basal nuclei
parkinson's disease | huntington's disease
35
what is parkinson's disease
slow tremors | cells that make dopamine are destroyed and dopamine is NT for muscle function
36
treatment for parkinson's disease
L-dopa
37
what is huntington's disease
rapid jerky movements genetic degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
38
treatment for huntington's disease
block NTs
39
describe diencephalon
sits on top of the brain stem | enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
40
the three parts that make up the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
41
describe thalamus
surrounds 3rd ventricle | relay station to cerebral cortex for sensory impulses
42
describe hypothalamus
under the thalamus important ANS center important part of limbic system
43
what does hypothalamus regulate
``` body temp hunger thirst satiety swallowing emotions ```
44
what is attached to the hypothalamus
the pituitary gland
45
how do the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus work together
the hypothalamus indirectly influences many body functions by sending signals through the pituitary gland to regulate its secretion of hormones
46
what kind of tissue is the pituitary gland
endocrine
47
what body functions are regulated from the hormones
metabolism reproduction responses to stressful stimuli urine production
48
describe the epithalamus
forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle houses the pineal body includes choroid plexus
49
define plexus
group of blood vessels
50
what does pineal body do
``` melatonin production (sleep/wake cycle) mood ```
51
what does choroid plexus do
forms CSF
52
describe the brain stem
attaches to the spinal cord | integrates many vital functions
53
what happens if there is minor damage to the brain stem and why
can cause death | higher integration areas like the cerebellum can withstand more damage
54
parts of the brain stem
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
55
describe midbrain
composed mostly of tracts of nerve fibers
56
describe pons
they include nuclei involved in the control of breathing
57
describe medulla oblongata
most inferior part of the brain stem merges into the spinal cord includes important ascending and descending nerve tracts
58
what does the medulla oblongata control
``` autonomic control center for heart rate blood pressure breathing swallowing vomiting ```
59
describe cerebellum
two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
60
what does cerebellum do
provides involuntary coordination of body movements | plays a role in posture and equilibrium
61
ways that CNS is protected
``` scalp and skin skull and vertebral column meninges CSF blood brain barrier blood supply to the brain ```
62
what are meninges
membranes
63
types of meninges
dura mater - superficial arachnoid mater pia mater - deepest
64
2 layers of dura mater
periosteum | meningeal layer
65
what do the 2 layers of dura mater form
dural sinuses
66
describe CSF
similar to blood but no red blood cells and much lower protein level circulated in subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal clear in color
67
purpose of CSF
supplies nutrients form protective cushion around CNS removes wastes
68
describe ventricles
right and left lateral ventricles composed of anterior, posterior, and inferior horns 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and 4th ventricle apertures
69
what are apertures
narrowed openings into subarachnoid space of spinal cord
70
purpose of dural venous sinuses
blood and CSF collection for return to circulatory vessels exiting skull
71
describe the blood brain barrier
tight junctions between endothelial blood vessel cells cause substances to pass through cells to become CSF large substances can not utilize the route between cells and are barred from CSF
72
what kind of substances can get through blood brain barrier
lipid soluble substances through lipid-soluble transport | ex. nicotine, ethanol, heroin
73
how do water-soluble molecules get across blood brain barrier
move across by mediated transport | ex. amino acids and glucose
74
how much O2 is used by brain
20% of all oxygen consumption
75
can nerve cells store energy
no | they cant store glucose or energy compounds like muscle tissue
76
what happens if there is an interruption of blood flow to the brain
pass out or cause irreversible brain damage
77
drugs that can get past blood brain barrier
L-Dopa | lipid-soluble drugs
78
clinical applications of brain
``` meningitis hydrocephalus concussion contusion degenerative injuries ```
79
describe hydrocephalus
child has fontanels and can expand | a blockage of drainage of CSF
80
what is a concussion
disturbance of brain function | shaking
81
what is a contusion
bruising of brain, permanent | ex. subdural hematoma
82
some degenerative injuries
cerebrovascular accidents | alzheimer's disease
83
describe CVA
death of brain tissue because of blood depravation
84
causes of CVA
hemorrhagic | ischemic
85
what is the glutamate cascade
during a stroke, oxygen deprived presynaptic neurons release large amounts of glutamate glutamate binds to postsynaptic neurons and stimulates them to release nitric oxide (NO) NO diffuses from postsynaptic cells and causes damage to surrounding cells
86
describe alzheimer's disease
progressive degenerative brain disease | characterized by abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
87
symptons of alzheimer's disease
``` memory loss irritability confusion hallucinations death ```
88
describe spinal cord
nerve pathways to & from the brain | extends from medulla oblongata to the region of T12
89
what is it called below T12
cauda equine
90
anatomy of spinal cord
``` internal butterfly shaped gray matter exterior white matter central canal filled with CSF anterior median fissure cushioned and protected by meninges ```
91
gray matter of spinal cord
horns | interneurons
92
types of horns
dorsal horns ventral horns lateral horns
93
exterior white matter
ascending & descending myelinated nerve tracts | posterior, anterior, and lateral columns (funiculus)
94
the meninges that protect the spinal cord
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
95
spinal cord dura mater
separated from the periosteum by the epidural space
96
epidural space
fat | blood vessels
97
where is anesthesia given for child birth
epidural space
98
what is the subdural space
between the dura and arachnoid mater | can fill with blood as a result of trauma and exert pressure on the brain (subdural hematoma)
99
what is the subarachnoid space
between the arachnoid mater and pia mater filled with CSF below L2 injections and spinal tap
100
spinal tap
fluid drawn out for lab exam
101
pia mater
innermost delicate membrane attached directly to the spinal cord
102
spinal nerves
dorsal root | ventral root
103
dorsal root
sensory neurons | cell bodies from dorsal root ganglia (outside of cord)
104
ventral root
motor neurons | cell bodies in ventral horn of gray matter
105
flaccid paralysis
complete damage to ventral motor roots or anterior horn no muscle tone maintained (atrophy)
106
spastic paralysis
jerky uncontrolled movements | damage to cerebral cortex but spinal reflexes remain intact
107
paraplegic
both lower limbs affected | damage to spinal cord at level of T1-L2

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