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Chap 4 tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

fabric or group of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

primary types of tissues

A

epithelium (covering

connective (support)

Muscle (movement)

Nervous (control); signaling

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3
Q

how do you identify tissues?

A
  1. cells
  2. ECF (extracellular fluid); ground substance
  3. fibers
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4
Q

biopsy

A

living tissue

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5
Q

autopsy

A

determing cause of death after death

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6
Q

epithelial tissues

A

sheet of cells that cover all free body surfaces (inside and out) forming an interface between two environments

line internal tubes, form organs

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7
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. protection
  2. absorption
  3. filtration
  4. secretion
  5. sensory reception
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8
Q

what are the special characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. cellularity
  2. specialized contacts
  3. polarity
  4. supported by connective tissue
  5. avascular but innervated
  6. regeneration
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9
Q

cellularity

A

tightly packed cells

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10
Q

desmosomes

A

confers strength

anchoring junctions between cells that provide structural strength

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11
Q

apical surface

A

(free surface) surface that is in contact with air or opening

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12
Q

basal surface

A

(bound surface) usually bound to connective tissue

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13
Q

apical surface special structural features

A

surface area is increased

microvilli

cillia

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14
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions that increase the surface area, which increases absorption and secretion

may create adhesion points for secreted mucus

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15
Q

cillia

A

microtubules (hair like) project from cell membrane as hairs that move in one direction

nicotine decreases cilliary action

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16
Q

lateral cell junctions

A

desmosomes

tight junctions

gap junctions

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17
Q

tight junctions

A

rivets that seal extracellular space

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18
Q

gap junctions

A

allow substances to leak between cells

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19
Q

what makes up the basal surface?

A

basal lamina

basement membrane

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20
Q

basal lamina

A

noncellular, adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial tissue

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21
Q

functions of basal lamina

A

selective filter

scaffold to which epithelial cells can grow upon

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22
Q

basement membrane

A

just beneath the basal lamina

reinforces epithelial sheet and defines epithelial boundary

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23
Q

how to classify epithelium tissue?

A

1st name is the # of cell layers

2nd name is the shape of cells

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24
Q

cell layers

A

simple - one layer

stratified - more than one layer

pseudostratified - looks like multiple but only one

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25
shape of cells
squamos - flat; nucleus - flat and disc like cuboidal - cube shaped; nucleus - large and round columnar - column like; nucleus - oval
26
glands
one or more epithelial cells organizes to secrete a particular product
27
secretory pathway
RER --\> golgi --\> vesicles --\> exocytosis
28
2 major gland types
endocrine glands exocrine glands
29
endocrine glands
ductless secretions are hormones
30
hormones
manurfactured to react with a specific target organ and or cells
31
exocrine glands
secrete products to a body surface (skin surface, body cavities, or passages leading to outside)
32
unicellular exocrine glands
single goblet cell secretes mucin
33
multicellular exocrine glands
sweat and oil glands
34
connective tissue classes
1. connective tissue proper 2. cartillage 3. osseous tissue (bone) 4. blood
35
functions of connective tissue
1. binding 2. protection 3. insulation 4. transportation
36
structural elements of connective tissue
1. cells 2. ECM (extracellular matrix); made up of fibers and ECF
37
connective tissue cell types
fibroctye, can become fibroblasts chondrocyte, (chondro=cartillage) osteocyte red blood cells/ white blood cells
38
ECM (extracellular matrix) composed of...
ground substance (ECF) ffibers
39
composition of ECF
water adhesion proteins/ desmosomes polysaccharide molecules
40
types of fibers
collagen fibers (strength) elastic fibers (recoil) reticular fibers (fine collagen but give more)
41
muscle tissue function
produce movement contain internal protein microfilaments for contraction
42
types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton cardiac muscle - branched smooth muscle - organs
43
nervous tissue cell types
neuroglia neurons
44
neuroglia
nerve support cells all kinds of functions to support the neurons. dont do electrical signals
45
functions of neurons
irriatability - can sense and respond conductivity - send impulses to other areas of body
46
structrual components of neurons
dendrites - multiple, reciever cell body axon - 1, sender axonal terminals - endpoint of axon
47
types of tissue repair
external defenses internal defenses
48
external defenses of tissue repair
mechanical chemical microbiological
49
mechanical defenses of external tissue repair
skin mucus membranes - collects things
50
chemicals defenses of external tissue repair
fatty acids - lower pH on skin, bacteria doesnt like acidity enzymes (lysozyme & pepsin) - digestive enzymes stomach acid vaginal secretions urine
51
internal defenses of tissue repair
inflammatory response immunity repsonse
52
inflammatory response
nonspecific - chemicals and WBC develops quickly
53
immunity response
specific - like antibodies takes longer
54
2 ways tissue repair occurs
regeneration fibrosis
55
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue with same kind of tissue
56
fibrosis
replacement of destroyed tissue with fibrous connective tissue scar tissue
57
steps of tissue repair
inflammation organization regeneration and fibrosis
58
Inflammation
injured tissue cells, macrophages, mast cells, and other release inflammatory chemicals (histamines) WBCs (_neutrophils & monocytes_) and plasma fluid rich in clotting proetines, antibodies and other substances seep into injured area excess fluid, damaged cells, and other debris are evnetually removed by lymphatic vessels and/or phagocytized by macrophages
59
histamine functions
causes capillaries to dilate and become very leaky (permeable) leads to redness, heat, swelling and pain (pain comes from fluid pressure on nerves)
60
functions of clotting proteins
clotting proteins form clot stops loss of blood holds edges of wound together isolates injured area clot eventually turns to scab after being exposed to air and drying
61
organization
starts before inflammatory response is complete granulation tissue forms macrophages digest blood clot and collagen fiber deposit continues once enought matrix has accumulated, fibroblasts revert to resting stage or undergo apoptosis
62
granulation tissue
pink tissue found in wounds fibroblasts secrete growth factors and new collagen fibers bridge the gap and pull wound together
63
apoptosis
programmed cell death
64
steps of regeneration and fibrosis
surface epithelium continues to grow under scab fibrous tissue beneath matures and contracts until it resembles skin end result is fully regenerated epithelium and underlying area of scar tissue the thin white scar is collagen fiber
65
regenerative capacity of different tissues, from best to worst
1. epithelial tissues, bone, areolar, and flood forming tissue 2. smooth muscles and dense reular connective tissue 3. skeletal muscle and cartillage 4. cardiac muscle and nervouse tissue have no regeneration

A&P (18 decks)

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