A&P > chap 6 bone and skeletal > Flashcards

chap 6 bone and skeletal Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the composition of the skeletal system?

A

bones

joints with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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2
Q

what does a ligament connect?

A

bone to bone

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3
Q

what does a tendon connect?

A

bone to muscle

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartillage

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5
Q

hyaline

A

provides firm support with some flexibility

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6
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

articulate cartilage at ends of bones
costal cartilages
respiratory tract, voice box, nasal

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7
Q

elastic cartilage

A

stretch flexibility

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8
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

ears

epiglottis

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9
Q

fibrocartillage

A

strength from collagen fibers but cushioning ability as well

very thick fibers

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10
Q

where is fibrocartillage found?

A

knee cartilage

vertebrae discs

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11
Q

pad like cartilage of the knee

A

menisci

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12
Q

functions of bone

A 
support
movement
protection 
mineral storage
blood cell formation
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13
Q

classifications of long bone

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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14
Q

long bones

A

functions as levers

ex. humerus

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15
Q

short bones

A

roughly cube shaped
glide motion
ex. ankle and wrist bones

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16
Q

flat bones

A

functions as protection

ex. skull, ribs, sternum

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17
Q

irregular bones

A

things fit into these irregularities

ex hips vertebrae

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18
Q

bone tissue types

A

compact

spongy

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19
Q

compact bone

A

smooth and solid in appearance
outer casings
tougher
more minerals

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20
Q

spongy bones

A

honeycomb

spaces help diffuse force

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21
Q

structure of long bones

A 
diaphysis
epiphysis
blood vessels
medullary cavity
membranes
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22
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of bone

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23
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded end area

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24
Q

why do bones broaden?

A

to relieve stress

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25
epiphyseal line
will eventually become a line | growth plate used to elongate bone
26
red marrow
blood cell production | eventually becomes yellow and stops producing
27
articulate cartilage
cushioning
28
medullary cavity
contains bone marrow
29
membranes
used to make bones periosteum endosteum
30
periosteum
outside of bones | contains sharpeys fibers
31
perforating (sharpeys) fibers
more concentrated at tendon and ligament
32
endosteum
internal of bone
33
structure of short, flat, and irregular bones
sandwhich - thin outside compact layers with spongy in between
34
what do bone cells excrete?
extracellular matrix | responsible for maintaining and remodeling
35
bone cells
osteogenics osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
36
osteoblasts
bone forming | deposit bone matrix
37
ossification
build up bone matrix
38
functions of bone matrix
synthesize collagen | accumulate calcium and phosphate
39
appositional growth
osteoblasts of the inner periosteum add a new layer to the preexisting bone increasing diameter
40
osteocytes
mature bone cells trapped in the new matrix
41
function of osteocytes
maintain existing matrix
42
osteoclasts
bone destroying cells | clast means dissolve
43
what is the function of osteoclasts
responsible for the breakdown and reabsorption of bone matrix, constantly occuring secrete H+ and enzyhmes to breakdown mineralized bone matrix calcium and phosphate freed
44
how are osteoclasts formed?
fusion of stem cells
45
structures of compact bone
osteon | circumferential lamellae
46
structure of osteon
``` lamella central canal perforating canals canliculi osteocytes ```
47
lamella
ring around osteon
48
central canal
blood vessels and nerves
49
perforating canals
connect vessels and nerves
50
canaliculi
the space between two osteocytes
51
circumferential lamellae
go around bone as whole, outside rings | used for bone widening
52
spongy bone
less dense, lighter | consists of trabeculae with spaces in between
53
trabeculae
interconnecting plates found in spongy bone
54
chemical composition of bone matrix
flexibility (collagen) + strength (minerals)
55
how do flat bones of the skull grow?
intramembranous grow from inside point outward ex. fontanels
56
intramembranous
calcification centers develop within a membrane
57
what happens to fontanels?
turn into sutures after growth stops
58
model for long bone growth
bones shape is formed by hyaline cartillage osteocytes replace chondrocytes and cartillage bone active growth areas of cartillage remain in the epiphyses forming growth plate through adolescence
59
what age does epiphyseal line form?
18 yrs for female | 21 yrs for male
60
factors affecting bone growth
nutrition | hormones
61
nutrition that affect bone growth
vitamin D calcium vitamin C
62
vitamin D deficiencies
rickets | osteomalacia
63
rickets
childhood demineralization of bone | formative deformities
64
osteomalacia
adult form softening of bone
65
calcium is dependent on what?
vitamin D absorption
66
vitamin C deficiencies
scurvy - lack of normal collagen synthesis wound healing impaired, loose teeth impacts fibrosis stage of repair
67
hormones that impact bone growth and remodeling
growth hormone thyroid hormone sex hormones
68
thyroid hormone does what?
increases metabolism -> increase energy -> increase repair
69
sex hormones do what to bone growth
testerone prolongs growth at epiphyseal plates | estrogen increases bone mass
70
"a healthy bone is..."
a stressed bone
71
clasifications of fractures
closed/ simple (single) | open / compound (multiple)
72
how are bone fractures treated?
reduction (realignment of the bone)
73
types of fractures
``` comminuted compression depressed impacted spiral greenstick ```
74
steps of bone repair
hematoma is formed break is splintered by fibrocartillage fibrocartillage callus is replaced by bony callus bony callus is remodeled
75
effects of aging
highest bone mass is around 30 bones become more brittle osteoporosis
76
why do bones become brittle as we age?
less flexible collagen is synthesized less mineral matrix is deposited as osteoblasts slow down women are susceptiple to demineralization after menopause
77
osteoporosis
results from the rate of absorption beaing faster than the rate of new bone formation
78
what does the female hormone estrogen do?
lessen osteoclast activity as estrogen levels drop after menopause, some women experience rapid demineralization women can lose up to 50% bone mass
79
causes of osteoporosis
reduction of dietary calcium overproduction of parathyroid hormone overactive osteoclasts
80
what is the purpose of the parathyroid hormone
causes calcium to move from bone to blood
81
treatments of osteoporosis
vit D and calcium drugs aimed at slowing down osteoclasts fosomax, HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
82
calcium homeostasis in the blood
very tightly controlled by the body within 10% of normal increase by 30% will cause nervous and muscle cells to become unresponsive decrease by 35% will cause overexcited neurons and convulsions
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