Chap. 16 (Vocab)

Question 1

Transformation

Answer 1

Change in genotype and phenotype due
to assimilation of foreign DNA

Question 2

Pathogenic

Answer 2

Disease-causing

Question 3

Nonpathogenic

Answer 3

Harmless

Question 4

Bacteriophages/ Phages

Answer 4

Virus that infects bacteria

Question 5

Virus

Answer 5

Infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Question 6

Double Helix

Answer 6

Two strands of nucleotides twist around each other, with sugar-phosphate backbone + nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 7

Antiparallel

Answer 7

Arrangement of sugar-phosphate backbones in double helix (5’s and 3’)
- Subunits run in different directions

Question 8

DNA Replication

Answer 8

DNA is copied and synthesized

Question 9

Semiconservative Model

Answer 9

Replicated double helix consists of one old strand derived from parental molecule and one new strand.

Question 10

Origin of Replication

Answer 10

Site where replication of DNA molecules begins

Question 11

Replication Fork

Answer 11

Y-shaped structure where a DNA double helix splits into two strands for copying

Question 12

Helicases

Answer 12

Enzyme that actively separates the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule (like DNA or RNA) into single strands

Question 13

Single-strand Binding Proteins

Answer 13

protein that binds to unpaired DNA strands during replication, stabilizing and holding them apart

Question 14

Topoisomerase

Answer 14

Enzyme that controls the structure of DNA by breaking and rejoining DNA strands

Question 15

Primer

Answer 15

Short nucleic acid sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis

Question 16

Primase

Answer 16

Enzyme that creates RNA primers to initiate DNA replication

Question 17

DNA Polymerase

Answer 17

Enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules

Question 18

Lagging Strand

Answer 18

One of two strands of DNA that are created during DNA replication

Question 19

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 19

Short DNA sequences that are created during DNA replication when the lagging strand is made of short fragments

Question 20

DNA Ligase

Answer 20

Enzyme that joins DNA strands together by forming phosphodiester bonds

Question 21

Mismatch Pair

Answer 21

Enzymes that remove + repair incorrect nucleotides

Question 22

Nuclease

Answer 22

Enzymes that are specially designed to break apart the nucleotides

Question 23

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Answer 23

DNA repair mechanism that removes damage from DNA strands caused by radiation, chemicals, and other mutagens

Question 24

Chromatin

Answer 24

Complex of DNA and protein inside nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 25

Nucleosome

Answer 25

Units of DNA + proteins that condenses DNA into compact form for storage in nucleus

Question 26

Histones

Answer 26

Proteins that help chromosomes form and regulate gene activity

Question 27

Euchromatin

Answer 27

Lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes

Question 28

Heterochromatin

Answer 28

Densely packed, highly condensed form of chromatin (DNA and associated proteins) within a chromosome, typically containing repetitive DNA sequences and considered largely inactive for gene transcription

Question 29

Telomeres

Answer 29

Repetitive DNA sequence at end of chromosome