Chap. 5 (Vocab)

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Sugar molecules, or polymers of sugar

Question 2

Protein

Answer 2

Molecule made up of chains of amino acids

Question 3

Nucleic Acid

Answer 3

Molecule made up of nucleotides (DNA and RNA)

Question 4

Lipis

Answer 4

1. Molecule that does not mix with water; nonpolar (Not polymer or macromolecule)
2. Sex hormones + testosterone

Question 5

Macromolecule

Answer 5

Giant molecule made by covalent bond of monomers

Question 6

Monomer

Answer 6

Single molecules

Question 7

Polymer

Answer 7

Long molecule made of monomers joined by covalent bond

Question 8

Enzyme

Answer 8

Protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (Acts as catalyst)

Question 9

Catalyst

Answer 9

Chemical agent that increases rate of reaction w/o being consumed by reaction

Question 10

Condensation Reaction

Answer 10

2 molecules combine to form 1 molecule; with loss of small molecule (Monomer + Monomer= Polymer)

Question 11

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 11

2 molecules covalently bond to each other by removal of water molecule

Question 12

Hydrolisis

Answer 12

Reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by addition of water

Question 13

Monosaccharide

Answer 13

1. Sugar that canot get any simpler
2. Not Macromolecule

Question 14

Disaccharide

Answer 14

Double sugar, 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage formed by dehydration reactoion

Question 15

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 15

Covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharide by dehydration reaction

Question 16

Polysaccharide

Answer 16

Polymer of many monosaccharide formed by glycosidic linkage

Question 17

Starch

Answer 17

1. Long chains of glucose molecules
2. stores energy in plants

Question 18

Glycogen

Answer 18

1. Carbohydrate that stores energy in body; stores in liver cell + muscle
2. Stores glucose + sugar

Question 19

Cellulose

Answer 19

1. Long chains of glucose molecules
2. Structure of cell wall

Question 20

Chitin

Answer 20

1. Made of amino sugar monomers
2. Component in fungal cell wall + exoskeleton of arthropods- hard + crunchy

Question 21

Alpha

Answer 21

1. 2 carbons have same stereochemistry
2. -OH is on the bottom

Question 22

Beta

Answer 22

1. 2 Carbons have different stereochemistry
2. -OH is on top

Question 23

Fatty Acid

Answer 23

Carboxyl group attached to carbon skeleton

Question 24

Fat

Answer 24

Lipid made of 3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule

Question 25

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 25

Fatty acid with no double bonds in its tail

Question 26

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 26

Fat acid with double bonds in its tail (making it slightly fall down)

Question 27

Trans Fat

Answer 27

Unsaturated fat that goes through hydrogenation

Question 28

Hydrogenation

Answer 28

Process that creates trans fats by adding hydrogen to oil to make it more solid

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

1. Polar lipids made of 2 fatty acids + phosphate group+ glycerol 2. Structure for cell membrane

Question 30

Steroids

Answer 30

Carbon skeleton made of 4 fused rings (cholesterol)

Question 31

Cholesterol

Answer 31

Fat-like substance made in the liver; precursor for the synthesis of other compounds

Question 32

Polypeptide

Answer 32

Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 33

Peptide Bond

Answer 33

Bond that joins two amino acids together to form proteins

Question 34

Denaturation

Answer 34

1. Process where protein loses its shape due to disruption of weak chemical bonds + interactions becoming inactive 2. Breaks weak bonds (hydrogen + Van der Waals)

Question 35

Sickle-cell Disease

Answer 35

an inherited blood disorder that causes red blood cells to become abnormally shaped and sticky

Question 36

X-Ray Crystallography

Answer 36

Technique used to study 3D structure of molecules

Question 37

Polynucleotide

Answer 37

Polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain

Question 38

Nucleotides

Answer 38

Building blocks for nucleid acids

Question 39

Pyrimide

Answer 39

1 6-membered ring of carbon + 1-3 Phosphate groups

Question 40

Purine

Answer 40

Types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides

Question 41

Deoxyribose

Answer 41

Sugar component of DNA (Fewer hydroxyl than RNA)

Question 42

Ribose

Answer 42

Sugar component in RNA

Question 43

Double Helix

Answer 43

2 antiparallel strands

Question 44

Antiparallel

Answer 44

Arrangement of sugar-phosphate backbones in DNA helix

Question 45

Synthesis

Answer 45

1. Build up process (build polymers) 2. Consumes energy

Question 46

Amino Acids

Answer 46

Organic molecules with amino + carboxyl groups

Question 47

Aldoses

Answer 47

Sugar with carbonyl group slanted at the end

Question 48

Ketoses

Answer 48

Sugar with carbonyl group straight in the middle

Question 49

Glucose

Answer 49

Monosaccharide; carbohydrate

Question 50

a Helix

Answer 50

1. Carbonyl to Oxygen bonding (C=O to O) 2. Coiled structure

Question 51

B Pleated Sheet

Answer 51

1. Amino Hydrogen to Carbonyl Oxygen (N-H to C=O) 2. ZIg-Zag structure

Question 52

Hydrolyze

Answer 52

Break down chemical reaction with water