Chap. 17 (Vocab)

Question 1

Gene Expression

Answer 1

Information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

Synthesis of RNA from DNA

Question 3

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 3

Carries protein information from DNA in nucleus to ribosome, located in cytoplasma

Question 4

Translation

Answer 4

Synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA

Question 5

Ribosome

Answer 5

Cellular structure composed of RNA

Question 6

Primary Transcript

Answer 6

Initial RNA molecule produced directly from DNA transcription

Question 7

Triplet Code

Answer 7

3-nucleotide sequences specify for sequence of amino acids for polypeptide chain

Question 8

Templet Strand

Answer 8

Strand of DNA that serves as templet for synthesis of RNA

Question 9

Codons

Answer 9

3-nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

Question 10

Coding Strand

Answer 10

DNA strand that contains genetic information and is used to create messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein

Question 11

Reading Frame

Answer 11

Codon sets that determine how genetic info. is translated into amino acids

Question 12

RNA Polymerase

Answer 12

Enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA

Question 13

Promoter

Answer 13

DNA sequence that acts as RNA polymerase biding site

Question 14

Terminator

Answer 14

In bacteria, the sequence that signals the end of transcription

Question 15

Transcription Unit

Answer 15

Segment of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase

Question 16

Start Point

Answer 16

Location on a DNA molecule where the process of transcription begin

Question 17

Transcription Factors

Answer 17

Protein that binds to DNA sequences + affects transcription of specific genes

Question 18

Transcription Initiation Complex

Answer 18

Completed assembly of transcription factors + RNA polymerase bounds to promoter

Question 19

TATA Box

Answer 19

DNA sequence located in the promoter region of a gene that acts as a binding site for transcription factors

Question 20

RNA Processing

Answer 20

Series of modifications that occur to a newly transcribed RNA molecule to transform it into functional RNA molecule

Question 21

Poly-A Tail

Answer 21

Sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto 3’ end of pre-RNA

Question 22

5’ Cap

Answer 22

Modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5’ end of a mRNA

Question 23

RNA Splicing

Answer 23

Pre-mRNA is processed and transformed into mRNA

Question 24

Introns

Answer 24

Noncoding DNA sequences within a gene that are removed before the final RNA transcript is made

Question 25

Exons

Answer 25

Coding segments of a gene that are translated into protein

Question 26

Spliceosome

Answer 26

Complex of RNA + proteins that remove introns from pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) and join exons

Question 27

Ribozymes

Answer 27

RNA molecule that functions as enzyme - Like intro that catalyzes its own removal

Question 28

Alternative RNA Splicing

Answer 28

Exons are joined in different combinations, leading to different, but related, mRNA transcripts

Question 29

Domain

Answer 29

Amino acid sequence in a protein that is associated with a particular function

Question 30

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 30

RNA molecule that acts as an adaptor, carrying a specific amino acid to the ribosome

Question 31

Anticodon

Answer 31

3-nucleotide sequence of tRNA that binds to codons from mRNA

Question 32

Wobble

Answer 32

Same amino acid may be encoded by multiple codons

Question 33

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 33

Part of the ribosome that helps translate mRNA into proteins.

Question 34

P Site

Answer 34

Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

Question 35

A Site

Answer 35

Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

Question 36

E Site

Answer 36

Exit for tRNAs to leave the ribosome

Question 37

Initiation

Answer 37

RNA polymerase enzyme binds to the promoter region of the gene, which signals the DNA to unwind

Question 38

Elongation

Answer 38

RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand and adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand

Question 39

Termination

Answer 39

RNA polymerase transcribes a terminator sequence in the DNA, ending transcription. The mRNA strand detaches from the DNA

Question 40

Single Peptide

Answer 40

Short sequence of amino acids that controls how proteins are secreted and moved within a cell

Question 41

Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP)

Answer 41

Recognizes + binds to signal sequence on synthesized protein as it emerges from the ribosome, targeting it to the ER to ensure proper protein sorting

Question 42

Polyribosomes

Answer 42

Group of ribosomes that are attached to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule

Question 43

Mutations

Answer 43

Change in DNA sequence of organism

Question 44

Point Mutations

Answer 44

Genetic change where a single nucleotide base within a DNA sequence is altered (just one letter altered)

Question 45

Nucleotide-pair Substitution

Answer 45

Replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides (Same as point mutation)

Question 46

Silent Mutation

Answer 46

Change in DNA sequence that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence

Question 47

Missense Mutation

Answer 47

Single change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein

Question 48

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 48

Genetic alteration where a DNA sequence changes, causing a premature "stop codon" to be produced

Question 49

Insertions

Answer 49

Genetic mutation where one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence

Question 50

Deletions

Answer 50

Genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA

Question 51

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 51

Inserted or deleted that causes change in how reading frame is read, resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence

Question 52

Mutagens

Answer 52

Chemical, physical, or biological agent that causes mutations in DNA