Chap 25

Question 0

Anabolic reactions:

Answer 0

.Are synthesis reactions
. Combine small molecules to make larger ones
. Require energy

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

All chemical oxidation reduction processes in the body

Question 2

Catabolic relations:

Answer 2

. Breakdown reactions
. Break large molecules into 2 or more smaller ones
. Release energy

Question 3

Catabolism:

Answer 3

• Oxidation- remove an electron (H+/H-) from a molecule

- Reduction- add an electron (H+/H-) to a molecule

Question 4

Oxidation via Phosphorylation:

Answer 4

. Substrate level of phosphorylation

• few steps(1-2)
• few ATP created (2-4)
• does not require oxygen

Question 5

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

Answer 5

• electron transport chain (many steps)
  1. Molecules in chains-coenzymes
• many ATP created (32-34)
• requires oxygen (final accepted molecule in chain)

Question 6

Nutrient Metabolism:

What are carbohydrates turned into?

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

Catabolism: carbohydrates-glucose

Answer 7

C6H12O6—- 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

Question 8

Glycolysis:

Answer 8

Occurs throughout cytoplasm

Glucose—pyruvic acids + 2ATP

Question 9

Krebs Cycle:

Answer 9

Pyruvate —- CO2 + NADH + FADH2 + 2ATP

1. Occurs only in mitochondria

Question 10

Electron Transport:

Answer 10

NADH + FADH2 + (separately)—- H2O + 34ATP

Question 11

Fats =

Answer 11

Glycerol or fatty acids

Question 12

Catabolic reaction:

Lipolysis =

Answer 12

Triglycerides (adipose tissue) —- fatty acids and glycerol

Question 13

Gluconeogenesis =

Answer 13

Glycerol

1. Glucose then broken down by carbohydrate pathways

Question 14

Beta Oxidation

Answer 14

Fatty acids - Acetyl Coenzyme A

1. Allows energy into Krebs Cycle

Question 15

Fat Metabolism: Anabolic Reaction

Lipogenesis =

Answer 15

Synthesis of triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue

• glycerol + fatty acids —- triglycerides
• excess glucose or amino acids —- triglycerides

Question 16

Proteins: Catabolism

Glucogenesis =

Answer 16

Amino acid —- Glucose
1. Glucose then broken down via carbohydrate pathways
A). NH2 = amine group (OOH=carboxyl group)

Question 17

What is deamination?

Answer 17

Removal of amine (NH2) group

1. Allows entry into Krebs Cycle

Question 18

What is decarboxylation?

Answer 18

Removal of carboxyl (COOH) group

1. Allows entry into Krebs Cycle

Question 19

Anabolism =

Answer 19

Protein Synthesis

* Amino Acids string together to form polypeptide chain

Question 20

These are not metabolized directly but aid in generating particular metabolic reaction

Answer 20

Vitamins and Minerals

Question 21

Organic molecules (contain carbon)

Answer 21

Vitamins

Question 22

What fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 22

Vitamins that can be stored in body (in adipose tissue)

Question 23

What are water soluble vitamins?

Answer 23

Vitamins that cannot be restored, must be replenished daily

Question 24

Inorganic molecules (no carbon)

Answer 24

Minerals

Question 25

Minerals dissolves in body fluids

Answer 25

Electrolytes

Question 26

Metabolism Physiology: | Describes types of metabolic reactions occurring at particular times in the body

Answer 26

Absorptive state

Question 27

Absorptive state =

Answer 27

Food in digestive tract * primarily anabolic 1. Blood glucose used for glycolysis 2. Excess glucose used for glycogenesis + possibly lipogenesis 3. Fats used for lipogenesis 4. Amino acids used for protein synthesis * controlled by insulin

Question 28

Fast condition * exclusively catabolic 1. Glycogenolysis 2. Lipolysis 3. Protein catabolism * controlled by glucagon (first stage) + cortisol (later stages)

Answer 28

Post Absorptive State

Question 29

By product of catabolism (57% of energy lost as heat)

Answer 29

Body Heat

Question 30

Amount of heat produced

Answer 30

Calorie

Question 31

Rate of heat production (number of calories burned per unit of time)

Answer 31

Metabolic Rate

Question 32

Minimum resting metabolic rate measured indirectly via . Oxygen consumption . Body temperature

Answer 32

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Question 33

Regulation of Body Temperature: Body's thermostat 1. Activated heat-loss or heat producing center to maintain temperature

Answer 33

Pre- optic area of Hypothalamus

Question 34

If body temp drops, heat producing center cause:

Answer 34

1. Inc thyroxine release 2. Inc sympathetic stimulation 3. Inc shivering 4. Vasoconstriction of blood to body surface

Question 35

If body temp rises, heat-loss center causes:

Answer 35

1. Reduction of metabolism rink BMR 2. Dec shivering 3. Inc perspiration 4. Vasodilation of blood to body surface

Question 36

Metabolic disorders: | = 10-20% above normal body weight

Answer 36

Obesity

Question 37

Caused by overeating * usually seen only in adults * fat cells increase in size

Answer 37

Hypertrophic

Question 38

Due to genetic mutation * present in children * fat cells increase in number

Answer 38

Hyperplasia

Question 39

Diabetes: Due to genetic mutation *islet cells don't produce insulin * cannot perform anabolic reactions

Answer 39

Juvenile-Onset (type1)

Question 40

Associated with with hypertrophic obesity * insulin secretion is normal * insulin receptors are desensitized

Answer 40

Adult-Onset (Type2)

Question 41

``` Due to genetic mutation . Exocrine glands blocked . Pancreatic juice secretion . No digestion or absorption of fats . No access to fat soluble vitamins . Loss of metabolic reactions controlled by fat soluble vitamins ```

Answer 41

Cystic Fibrosis