Chapter 27

Question 0

Extracellular

Answer 0

• in body cavity
• interstitial fluid
• plasma

Question 1

Intercellular

Answer 1

Within cells

Question 2

Interstitial fluid

Answer 2

Surrounding cells

Question 3

Plasma

Answer 3

Component of blood

Question 4

Fluid dynamics

Answer 4

Movement of fluid between divisions ( intercellular ~ interstitial ~ plasma)
^ ^
Osmosis Capillary exchange

Question 5

Pre-formed water

Answer 5

Ingested water

Question 6

Metabolic water

Answer 6

Water created as by-product of metabolism (electron transport)

Question 7

Electrolytes

Answer 7

• dissolved minerals

* types: anions cations

Question 8

Anions

Answer 8

Negatively charged electrolytes

Question 9

Cations

Answer 9

Positively charged electrolytes

Question 10

Function of electrolytes

Answer 10

Control osmosis and regulate pH

Question 11

Water

Answer 11

• Maintain water balance
• water loss via urination, defamation, perspiration, and respiration
• generates dehydration

Question 12

Electrolyte components

Answer 12

• via. Hormonal secretion

Question 13

Electrolytes in kidneys

Answer 13

• regulate amount lost in urine

Ex: aldosterone -causes increased levels of Na+, Cl-, and Mg+2 in body fluids and decreased levels of K+

Question 14

Electrolytes in tissues

Answer 14

•Regulate storage/release of electrolytes from body tissues
Ex: calcitonin - storage of Ca+2 and PO4-2
* parathyroid hormone other - release of Ca+2 and PO4-2 from bones and teeth

Question 15

pH

Answer 15

• measures on scale 0-14
• based on relative amount of H+ and OH - present
• pH < 7 acidic fluid (decreased pH = increased H+)
• pH > 7 basic fluid (increased pH = decreased H+)
• pH = 7 neutral fluid

Question 16

Buffer system

Answer 16

Converts strong acids and bases to weak ones (HCL ~ H+,CL)

Question 17

Protein buffer

Answer 17

• pH down (excess H+ picked up by amine (NH2h group

* pH up (carboxyl group (COOH) release H+)

Question 18

Hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin buffer

Answer 18

•Hb=hemoglobin 
•HbO2=oxyhemoglobin 
•CO2 in blood firms carbonic acid (H2CO3) 
    *release H+ (H2CO3 ~ HCO3 + H+) 
• oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) releases O2 
   * becomes negatively charged (Hb-)
   * binds with free H+ (HbH)

Question 19

Respiration

Answer 19

•regulate amount of Carbonic in blood
• decreased pH lead to:
*increased respiration rate
* eliminates CO2 and thus carbonic acid from blood
• increase pH leads to:
* decreased respiration rate
* allows build up of CO2 and thus carbonic acid in blood

Question 20

Tubular secretion

Answer 20

•kidneys
• decreased pH leads to:
* increased tubular secretion of H+ into urine
* less H+ in blood raises pH
• increased pH leads to:
* decreased tubular secretion of H+ into urine
* more H+ in blood lowers pH

Question 21

Acidosis

Answer 21

• sustained decrease in pH

* depresses activity of nervous system

Question 22

Causes of acidosis

Answer 22

• respiratory - due to hypoventilation

* metabolic due to sustained increase in metabolic rate and kidney failure

Question 23

Alkalosis

Answer 23

• sustained increase in pH

* hyper-stimulation of the nervous system

Question 24

Causes of alkalosis

Answer 24

Respiratory - due to hyperventilation | Metabolism - due to vomiting (loss of acidic gastric juice)

Question 25

Compensation

Answer 25

* attempt to correct pH imbalance * kidneys (via. Tubular secretion) compensate for respiratory-based imbalance * respiration compensates for metabolic-based imbalances