Chap 28

Question 0

What is the scrotum?

Answer 0

It houses the testes outside the body cavity

A. Keeps testes cooler than core body temperature to allow for normal sperm development

Question 1

Reproductive Anatomy: Males are:

Answer 1

Small gametes (sperm)

Question 2

What are the testes?

Answer 2

Site of sperm development

Question 3

What are the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 3

Sperm production

Question 4

What do Sertoli cells do?

Answer 4

Release inhibin

Question 5

What do leydig cells do?

Answer 5

Release testosterone

Question 6

What is the epididymus?

Answer 6

The site of sperm storage and maturation

Question 7

What is the vas deferens?

Answer 7

Tube connecting epididymus to urethra

Question 8

What are the seminal vesicles?

Answer 8

They secrete fructose into ejaculate (part of semen)

A. Provides energy for locomotion by sperm

Question 9

What is Prostaglandins?

Answer 9

Local hormones that cause small contractions of uterus to draw sperm

Question 10

What does the Cowper’s gland do?

Answer 10

Secretes alkaline fluid into ejaculate (part of semen)

Question 11

What is alkaline fluid?

Answer 11

A fluid that neutralizes the acidity of a vagina promoting sperm survival

Question 12

What is the penis?

Answer 12

Organ of copulation, deposits sperm in female reproductive tract

Question 13

Females are:

Answer 13

Large gametes (eggs)

Question 14

What are the ovaries?

Answer 14

Contain primary oocytes ( immature eggs)

Question 15

What is a follicle?

Answer 15

Protective covering around each primary oocyte

Question 16

Corpus Luteum?

Answer 16

Ruptured follicle

Secretes progesterone

Question 17

What are the Fallopian Tubes?

Answer 17

Connect ovaries to uterus, also site of fertilization and early development

Question 18

What is the uterus?

Answer 18

“Womb” primary site of embryonic development

Question 19

What is the myometrium?

Answer 19

Muscle layer of the uterus

Question 20

What is the endometrium?

Answer 20

Blood rich lining

Question 21

What is the cervix?

Answer 21

Opening at the base of the uterus to vagina
Acts as barrier to vagina
During ovulation, secretes Mucin which facilitates passage of sperm into uterus

Question 22

What is the vagina?

Answer 22

Opening of female reproductive tract to the environment
A. Site of sperm deposition
B. Birth Canal
C. Highly acidic to minimize potential for infection

Question 23

What is the vulva?

Answer 23

External genitalia at opening of vagina

Question 24

What is the labia?

Answer 24

Protective folds of skin covering opening

Question 25

What is the clitoris?

Answer 25

Anatomical homolog of male penis, important in sexual arousal

Question 26

What are the mammary glands?

Answer 26

Modified sweat glands

Question 27

Reproductive Physiology: Gamete production: Meiosis =

Answer 27

``` Convert diploid (2n) cell to haploid (n) cell A. Keeps amount of genetic testing info constant from generation to generation ```

Question 28

Human Gamete Production:

Answer 28

2n=46;n=23

Question 29

Males = Spermatogenesis in where?

Answer 29

Seminiferous tubules

Question 30

Hormonal Regulation: Males: Gonadotropic Realsing Hormone (GnRH)

Answer 30

Comes from hypothalamus | Causes pituitary to release FSH and LH

Question 31

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Answer 31

From pituitary | Initiated increased sperm production

Question 32

Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 32

From pituitary | Maintaining increased sperm production

Question 33

Inhibin

Answer 33

From Sertoli cells in testes | Inhibits increased sperm production

Question 34

Testosterone

Answer 34

Male Hormone

Question 35

Organizational Effect

Answer 35

Creates male phenotype during embryonic development * Exposure to testosterone channels embryo to become male * Exposure must occur within specific time window

Question 36

Activational Effect

Answer 36

Occurs at puberty and beyond * Production of male secondary traits * Stimulation of male sexual behavior

Question 37

Females: Prolactin:

Answer 37

From anterior pituitary | * Stimulates milk production in mammary glands

Question 38

Oxytocin

Answer 38

From posterior pituitary * Stimulates milk release from mammary glands during suckling * Causes uterine contractions during birth to expel fetus

Question 39

Menstrual cycle: Menstrual Stage (0-6)

Answer 39

* Endometrium sheds * Primary Oocyte breaks out of arrested development * dominant hormone = FSH

Question 40

Pre-Ovulatory Stage (7-13)

Answer 40

* Endometrial repair begins * Meiosis 1 (primary to secondary oocyte) * Dominant hormone = Estrogen (from ovaries)

Question 41

Ovulation (14)

Answer 41

* Follicle ruptures, secondary oocyte released into Fallopian Tube * Cervix secretes Mucin * Dominant Hormone = LH

Question 42

Post-Ovulatory Stage (15-28 or duration of pregnancy)

Answer 42

* If Fertilization occurs: * Endometrium is thickened and maintained * Corpus Luteum remains intact for 8 weeks * Meiosis 1 (secondary oocyte to ovum) * If no Fertilization: * Corpus Luteum gradually disintegrates (takes 14 days to completely break down) * Endometrium begins to shed (re-enter menstrual stage) * Secondary oocyte lost with endometrium * Dominant hormone = progesterone (from corpus luteum) in either case