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Chapt 2 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Three basic types of chemical reactions

A

Decomposition, synthesis, exchange reactions

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2
Q

Explain decomposition reaction

A

A-B –> A + B + energy
Chemical bonds being broken down into two or more substances
I.e. Digestion and glycogenolysis

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3
Q

Explain synthesis reaction

A

A + B + energy–>A-B
Reactants join together and create a new bond (product)
I.e. Protein synthesis and DNA synthesis

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4
Q

Explain exchange reaction

A

AB + CD –> AD + CB
Breaking down of two compounds and the production of two others
I.e. Buffering, Ph, and salts

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5
Q

Explain reversible reaction

A

A + B AB
Can proceed in both directions
More reactants it goes toward products, synthesis
More products it goes toward reactants, decomposition

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Reactions which break down larger food molecules, uses hydrolysis and releases energy

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Builds more complex molecules using dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

Organic compounds

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen and contain C-H covalent bonds

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9
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Don’t contain carbon hydrogen bonds (exception co2)

I.e. Oxygen, water, inorganic acids, bases, salts

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10
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing

Fats, oils

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11
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

Attracted to h2o because it has polar covalent bonds

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12
Q

pH scale

A

indicator of free H+ concentration in solution

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13
Q

Importance of pH

A

If pH is off it can disturb cell function, and for protein structure and function

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14
Q

Buffers

A

Can prevent a change in pH to stay constant regardless of acidic or basic load
I.e. Alka-seltzer uses sodium bicarbonate to neutralize excess hydrochloric acid in stomach

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic, sugar and starches

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16
Q

3 classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides- simple sugars i.e. Fructose and galactose
Disaccharides-double sugars
I.e. Sucrose
Polysaccharides- complex sugars, i.e. Glycogen

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17
Q

Lipids

A

Organic molecule

Hydrophobic

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18
Q

Types of lipids

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins

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19
Q

Prostaglandins

A

-Release cells to coordinate or direct local Cellular activities
-Often called Hormones
- 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid w 5 carbon ring
I.e. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandins, reduces fever

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20
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most concentrated source of energy

Composed up of glycerol and fatty acids

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21
Q

Steroids

A

Nucleus of 4 attached rings, structural role cholesterol in plasma membranes and helps stabilize membranes
I.e. Estrogen, testosterone, vit d

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22
Q

Phospholipids

A

Two fatty acids and a polar head group
Polar heads point up and are hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails hydrophobic
Every membrane is made of phospholipids

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23
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids
Contain C,O, H, N
Supports membrane, cells, tissue and functional roles enzymes and hormones

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24
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins,

8 essential 12 non essential

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25
Dipeptide
2 amino acids
26
Tripeptide
3 amino acids
27
Polypeptide
4-100 amino acids
28
100 or more amino acids
Protein
29
Amino group | Organic compound group
NH2 | I.e. Amino acids
30
Carboxyl group | Organic compound group
COOH Acts as an acid releasing H+ to become R---COO- I.e. Fatty acids and amino acids
31
Hydroxyl group | Organic compound group
OH Links molecules through dehydration synthesis; I.e. Carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids
32
Phosphate group | Organic compound group
PO4 may store energy in high energy bonds I.e. Phospholipids, nucleic acids,high energy compounds
33
Electrolytes
Includes acids, bases, salts Molecules that separate into charged particles when dropped in water Na+Cl-
34
Describe base
A solute that accepts hydrogen ions from a solution, raising pH. Acts as a proton acceptor I.e. Drano and household cleaning items
35
Describe acid
A solute that dissociates in solutions and releases hydrogen ions, lowing pH Proton donors I.e. Beer, wine, tomatoes
36
Describe salt
An ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except hydroxide ion I.e. Table salt
37
DNA
Largest molecule in body, hydrogen bond Base pairing Adenine with thymine Guanine with cytosine
38
RNA
Temporary copies of DNA
39
tRNA
Transfer RNA | Making proteins
40
mRNA
Messenger RNA
41
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA | Producing things that make proteins
42
Purines
Adenine and guanine
43
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only)
44
ATP
Adenine and ribose sugar w 3 phosphate groups attached | Energy molecule of a human
45
cAMP
cyclic AMP | messenger molecule
46
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Combinations of proteins and carbohydrate molecules
47
O
Oxygen | Component water and other compounds
48
C
Carbon | Found in organic molecules
49
H
Hydrogen | Component of water and othe compounds in body
50
N
Nitrogen | Found in proteins
51
Ca
Calcium | Found in bones and teeth
52
P
Phosphorus | Found in bones and teeth and nucleic acids
53
K
Potassium | Important for membrane function
54
Na
Sodium | Important for blood volume
55
Cl
Chlorine | Important for blood volume
56
Mg
Magnesium | Cofactor for many enzymes
57
S
Sulfur | Found in many proteins
58
Fe
Iron | Essential for oxygen transport and every capture
59
I
Iodine | Component of hormones of the thyroid gland
60
Base pairing | Adenine with
Thymine
61
Base pairing | Guanine with
Cytosine
62
3 parts of a Nucleotide
- Pentose (5 carbon sugar) - Phosphate group - Nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base
63
Covalent bond
Sharing electrons with other atoms completing outer shell
64
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons
65
Hydrogen bond
The most weak bond, the attraction between a slight positive charge and a slight negative charge
66
Two cell types
Germ (reproductive) | Somatic (make up body)
67
Plasma membrane
Two layers of phospholipids and also contains carbohydrate, proteins and steroids -function for protection, controls entry and exits of materials
68
Cytoplasm
Gel like cytosine and organelles | Water based component of cytoplasm
69
Organelles
Suspended within cytosol that perform specific functions
70
Cytoskeleton
Gives cell shape and is made up of proteins
71
3 fiber filaments
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
72
Microfilament
Smallest cell fiber - anchor cytoskeleton - determine consistency of cytoplasm - allow movement of proteins to slide past one another
73
Intermediate filaments
Twisted protein stands and are thicker than microfilaments Gives strength and form supporting framework in many kinds of cells I.e. In skin
74
Microtubules
Thickest cell fiber Spiral pattern of two types of protein subunits Moves things around cells I.e. Important in mitosis
75
Microvilli
Finger liked projections of plasma membrane that greatly increase surface area I.e. Found on epithelial cells lining Intestines
76
Cell projections
Microvilli Cilia Flagella Centrioles
77
Cilia
Cylinders of microtubules at core Look like tony hairs Function is to move the cell I.e. Gets garbage out of lungs
78
Flagella
9 pair of microtubules on outside and 2 single microtubules in center I.e. Sperm
79
Centrioles
Short microtubules Important in cell division Found in all animal cells
80
Phospholipids heads are
Polar and hydrophilic
81
Phospholipids tails are
Non polar and hydrophobic
82
Carbohydrates importance and function
Primary source for ATP, structural role of DNA and RNA

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