Chapter 1

Question 1

Applied psychology

Answer 1

The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.

Question 2

Behaviour

Answer 2

Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.

Question 3

Behaviourism

Answer 3

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour. Watson, Pavlov, Skinner.

Question 4

Clinical psychology

Answer 4

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

Question 5

Cognition

Answer 5

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.

Question 6

Critical thinking

Answer 6

The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome.

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations

Question 8

Empiricism

Answer 8

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

Question 9

Ethnocentrism

Answer 9

The tendency to view one’s own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

Question 10

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 10

Theoretical perspective that examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations. Buss, Daly, Wilson, Cosmides, Tooby.

Question 11

Functionalism

Answer 11

A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.

Question 12

Humanism

Answer 12

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. Rogers, Maslow.

Question 13

Introspection

Answer 13

Careful, systematic observation of one’s own conscious experience.

Question 14

Natural selection

Answer 14

Principle stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be “selected” over time.

Question 15

Psychiatry

Answer 15

A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

Question 16

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 16

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour. Freud, Jung, Adler

Question 17

Psychology

Answer 17

The science that studies behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.

Question 18

SQ3R

Answer 18

A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review.

Question 19

Stimulus

Answer 19

Any detectable input from the environment.

Question 20

Structuralism

Answer 20

A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related.

Question 21

Testwiseness

Answer 21

The ability to use the characteristics and format of a cognitive test to maximize one’s score.

Question 22

Theory

Answer 22

A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.

Question 23

Unconscious

Answer 23

According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behaviour.

Question 24

Sigmund Freud

Answer 24

psychoanalytic theory - emphasized unconcious determinants of behavior and the importance of sexuality. Controversial, and met with resistance.

Question 25

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 25

studied briefly with Wundt, contributed to rapid growth of psychology in America. Established first research lab at John's Hopkins in 1183. First journal and driving force behind APA.

Question 26

Donald Hebb

Answer 26

Canadian, highlighted physiological and neurological perspectives. Paved the way for recent cognitive revolution, neural networks, cell assemblies. ' Organization of Behaviour: A Neuropsychological Theory'

Question 27

William James

Answer 27

'It is just free water of consciousness that psychologists overlook'... FUNCTIONALISM. 'Principles of Psychology'. Based on Darwin, psychology should investigate the functions rather than the structure of consciousness - flow of thoughts, 'stream of consciousness'.

Question 28

WOMEN

Answer 28

Mary Washburn - first PhD Leta Hollingworth - women not inferior to men Mary Whiton Calkins - first APA president Mary Salter Ainsworth - attachment/dev psyc Mary Wright - first CPA president Doreen Kimura - neuromotor mech. and sex differences in cognition

Question 29

Brenda Milner

Answer 29

one of founders of neuropsychology, understanding memory.

Question 30

Carl Rogers

Answer 30

HUMANISM - with Abraham Maslow, argues that human behaviour is governed primarily by each individual's sense of self, of self-concept (fundamental drive towards human growth).

Question 31

B.F. Skinner

Answer 31

'free will is an illusion'. BEHAVIORISM. Environmental factors mold behavior. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative ones. 'Beyond Freedom and Dignity'.

Question 32

John B. Watson

Answer 32

wanted to abandon study of consciousness altogether and focus on behaviors that could be observed directly - 'scientific approach'. Each is made, not born (nature vs. nurture). Stimulus-Response behavioural approach.

Question 33

Willhelm Wundt

Answer 33

made psychology an independent discipline - established first lab at Leipzig (1879). Primary focus was consciousness - awareness of immediate experience.

Question 34

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 34

human behaviour cannot be understood without examining how people acquire, store and process information. Chomsky, Piaget, Simon

Question 35

Biological Perspective

Answer 35

organisms functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behaviour. Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel.

Question 36

Professional Specialties

Answer 36

Clinical - evaluation, diagnosis, treatment Counselling - family, marital, career Education and School Industrial/Org

Question 37

Research Areas

Answer 37

Developmental - human dev across lifespan Social - social forces governing behaviour (attitude formation, change, prejudice, etc) Experimental - sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, emotion Physiological - genetic factors on behaviour and roles of CNS and endocrine. Cognitive - higher mental processes Personality - consistency in behaviour Psychometrics - measurement of behavior and capabilities.

Question 38

THEMES

Answer 38

1. P is EMPIRICAL (obs made through research) 2. P is THEORETICALY DIVERSE (variety of perspectives needed) 3. P evolves in sociohistorical content 4. B is determined by mult. causes 5. B is shaped by cultural heritage 6. Heredity and environment jointly influence B 7. People's experience of the world is highly subjective.