Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology is the study of

Answer 1

mental processes and behaviour

Question 2

What are mental processes?

Answer 2

activities of our brain when engaged in thinking, observing the environment and using language

Question 3

What is behaviour?

Answer 3

observable activities of an organism

Question 4

what are the four goals of psychology?

Answer 4

description, explanation, prediction, control

Question 5

when studying why a certain behaviour or mental process occurs, one can study the influences of:

Answer 5

the brain, the individual and the group

Question 6

What is analyzed in the brain?

Answer 6

how brain structure and brain activity differ from person to person and situation to situation

Question 7

What is analyzed in the person

Answer 7

How the content of the individual’s mental processes form and influence behaviour

Question 8

What is analyzed in the group?

Answer 8

how behaviour is shaped by the social and cultural environments

Question 9

Philosophy is the study of

Answer 9

knowledge and the reality

Question 10

How did philosophy lead to modern day scientific theory?

Answer 10

philosophers posed questions and then discussed proposed solutions

Question 11

who used direct observation to test his theory of medicine?

Answer 11

hippocrates

Question 12

Hippocrates developed one of the first psychological theories:

Answer 12

physical and psychological health are influenced by the four humours: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. This identified a persons character and he identified the brain as organ of mental life

Question 13

socrates believed truth lies in mind and is

Answer 13

highly dependent upon subjective states

Question 14

plato believed certain areas are…

Answer 14

pure and represent an ultimate reality

Question 15

aristotle wrote about

Answer 15

sensations, dreams, sleep and learning

Question 16

spiritual view was replaced by world based on mathematics and mechanics between centuries

Answer 16

1400 and 1600

Question 17

Wilhelm Wundt was considered to be the

Answer 17

father of psychology

Question 18

Wilhelm Wundt established the first..

Answer 18

psychology lab in 1879

Question 19

Wilhelm Wundt started a branch of psychology called …. where he studied…

Answer 19

voluntarism, consciousness

Question 20

What is structuralism

Answer 20

an attempt to try to identify all of the basic elements of consciousness.

Question 21

What method does structuralism use?

Answer 21

introspection

Question 22

Edward Thitchener was a student of Wundt who formed the school of

Answer 22

structuralism in the US

Question 23

What is functionalism?

Answer 23

the belief that mental processes were fluid (stream of consciousness) instead of fixed elements as structuralists thought

Question 24

Functionalism emphasized the functions of the mind in

Answer 24

adapting to a changing environment

Question 25

William James set up the first...

Answer 25

psychology lab in the US at Harvard

Question 26

William James wrote the first...

Answer 26

psychology textbook, Principles of psychology

Question 27

... psychology says consciousness cannot be broken down into small elements

Answer 27

Gestalt

Question 28

According to Gestalt we perceive things as...

Answer 28

whole perceptual units

Question 29

where does "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" come from?

Answer 29

Gestalt Psychology

Question 30

According to Gestalt Psychology, problem solving...

Answer 30

involves insight

Question 31

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 31

the belief that people's behaviours are based on their unconscious desires and conflicts

Question 32

Sigmund Freud developed...

Answer 32

a form of therapy that aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts

Question 33

What is behaviourism?

Answer 33

the belief that the scientific investigation of psychology should be focused only on behaviour you can observe

Question 34

What did Ivan Pavlov discover?

Answer 34

found that dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behaviour such as salivating for food. This is called Classical conditioning.

Question 35

What did Edward Thorndike propose?

Answer 35

animal research could help explain human behaviour

Question 36

Behaviourism is involved with which five people?

Answer 36

Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson, B.F. skinner, Alberta Bandura

Question 37

What did John B Watson experiment?

Answer 37

The little albert experiment and solidified classical conditioning

Question 38

B.F. Skinner developed...

Answer 38

operant conditioning which uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviours

Question 39

Albert Bandura demonstrated that children...

Answer 39

also learn by social observation or modelling

Question 40

What is humanistic psychology?

Answer 40

stresses a persons capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose his or her destiny and positive qualities.

Question 41

Humanists say that our subjective perceptions of the world are...

Answer 41

unique and are more important than behaviour itself

Question 42

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are researchers of...

Answer 42

Humanistic Psychology

Question 43

Carl Rogers developed...

Answer 43

client centred therapy, which said that people are innately good

Question 44

Abraham Maslow developed

Answer 44

a theory of motivation that consists of a hierarchy

Question 45

Self-actualization is developed from who's theory?

Answer 45

Abraham Maslow

Question 46

.... is focused on the important role of mental processes in how people

Answer 46

cognitive psychology

Question 47

Cognitive psychologist compared...

Answer 47

the human mind to a computer

Question 48

Cognitive scientists developed...

Answer 48

rigorous experimental standards

Question 49

Ulric Neisser is a scientist of what kind of psychology?

Answer 49

cognitive

Question 50

Ulric Neisser coined the term....as the study of information

Answer 50

cognitive psychology as the study of information processing

Question 51

What is cultural psychology?

Answer 51

the study of how cognitive processes vary across different populations

Question 52

What is cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 52

the study of the cognitive processes that are universal regardless of culture

Question 53

What is neuroscience?

Answer 53

The study of the brain structure and activity as they are related to individual behaviours and group dynamics

Question 54

Who is Karl Lashley

Answer 54

He used surgical techniques to attempt to locate all areas of the brain responsible for memory, learning, and other functions

Question 55

Who is Roger Sperry

Answer 55

He conducted split brain research on animals

Question 56

2 subfields influenced by neuroscience

Answer 56

behavioural genetics and evolutionary psychology

Question 57

What is behavioural genetics

Answer 57

examines the influence of genes on human behaviour

Question 58

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 58

evolution and genetic inheritance are important in shaping our thoughts and behaviours

Question 59

Sociobiology proposes what?

Answer 59

that our social behaviour is the result of biological and cultural influences

Question 60

What are the three main branches of psychology?

Answer 60

Clinical and counselling psychology, academic, applied

Question 61

What branch of psychology is working as therapists?

Answer 61

clinical and counselling

Question 62

What branch of psychology is work as professors, both teaching and doing research?

Answer 62

academic

Question 63

What kind of psychology is work in schools, marketing firms, research institutions, etc

Answer 63

applied

Question 64

Four shared values of all psychologists

Answer 64

Theory driven, empirical, multilevel, contextual

Question 65

3 current trends in psychology

Answer 65

growing diversity, advances in technology, new schools of thought such as psychotherapy focus on happiness and other positive emotions