Chapter 1

Question 1

DDT

Answer 1

• sprayed over towns, fields, and marshes
• killed songbirds, bald eagles, and osprey
• was originally meant to control the beetles that spread Dutch Elm Disease

Question 2

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

Answer 2

Adopted by the United Nation to reduce extreme poverty and its effects on human well-being.

Question 3

MDG achievements

Answer 3

Halving the world poverty

Question 4

Things MDG is working on

Answer 4

• high population growth
• fertility rates
• gender equality
• violence against women

Question 5

How does the ecosystem support human life and economies?

Answer 5

With goods and services

Question 6

Goods and services

Answer 6

1. water
2. food
3. fuel
4. wood
5. leather
6. furs
7. raw materials for fabrics, oils and alcohols

Question 7

Human Development Index

Answer 7

assesses the human well-being of nations through health, education, and basic living standards

Question 8

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (ME)

Answer 8

Focused on the links between ecosystem services and human well-being (focuses on human impact on ecosystem services)

Question 9

Environment

Answer 9

All surroundings of a living thing, such as conditions, resouces, and stimuli that are either abiotic or biotic, that affect the survival of an organism or population.

Question 10

Environmental Science

Answer 10

A multidiciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.

Question 11

Environmental science provides an…

Answer 11

integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems

Question 12

Environmental movement

Answer 12

• started in 1890 when the frontier closed
• John Muir founded the Sierra Club
• President Theodore Roosevelt promoted conservation of public lands (national parks)

Question 13

Environmentalists

Answer 13

people and organisms with a stron focus on environmental concerns

Question 14

Environmentalism

Answer 14

The widespread development of the environmental movement

Question 15

Sound science vs. junk science

Answer 15

Sound science uses the scientific method in order to understand how the world works and how humans interact with it.
- Junk science doesn’t conform to the rigorous methods and practices of legitimate science.

Question 16

Sustainablilty

Answer 16

The goal we should be working toward in our relationship with the natural world

Question 17

Stewardship

Answer 17

managing natural resources and human well-being for the common good

Question 18

Scientific method

Answer 18

A way of gaining knowledge

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hyothesis
4. Experiment
5. Analyze
6. Draw Conclusions
7. Submit for peer review and Communicate results

Question 19

Natural laws

Answer 19

principles by which we can define and predict the behavior of matter and energy

• summarize natural phenomena
• laws of gravity, conservation of matter, thermodynamics

Question 20

Observation

Answer 20

Based on senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, feeling.
- Be skeptical of any new report until it is confirmed

Question 21

Experimentation

Answer 21

• A systematic test of a hypothesis

- Factors can be manipulated, and tested one at a time, to measure responses to particular conditions or treatments

Question 22

Control

Answer 22

the set-up that is the norm or standard to which you compare the experimental results
- does not have the variable

Question 23

Experimental treatment

Answer 23

• has the variable (factor being tested)

- is the factor that is vhanged or manipulated in the experiment

Question 24

Independent variable

Answer 24

the variable taht you manipulate or change

Question 25

Dependent variable

Answer 25

depends on the independent variable | - responds to the changes with the independent variable

Question 26

Hypothesis

Answer 26

an educated guess about the cause of an observation | - tested through observation and experimentation

Question 27

Theory

Answer 27

a hypothesis that has been rigorously and repeatedly tested, it is supported by a great deal of data and confirmed

Question 28

Peer review

Answer 28

process roots out poor or sloppy science

Question 29

Bias

Answer 29

prejudice in favor of or against one thing due to personal feelings

Question 30

Sustainable yields

Answer 30

- harvest resources but stay within the capacity of the populaton to grow and replace itself - also applies to fresh water, soils. pollution absorption

Question 31

Development

Answer 31

improvement of human well-being - developed countries are more concerned with environmental sustainability, while developing countries are more concerned with economic development

Question 32

Equity

Answer 32

meeting the needs of the present while considering future generations

Question 33

What equity means to different people

Answer 33

- Economists > growth, efficiency, usage - Sociologists > human needs - Ecologists > ecosystem, conservation

Question 34

Environmental justice movement

Answer 34

- addresses environmental racism | - wealthier, politically active white communities get roads, public buildings, water, and sewer projects

Question 35

Environmental racism

Answer 35

waste sites and other industries occur in poor, nonwhite areas

Question 36

Globalization

Answer 36

the increasing interconnectedness of human activities, ideas, and cultures - achieved largely by worldwide electronic communication

Question 37

Rachel Carson

Answer 37

Her book Silent Spring described the environmental effects of pesticides

Question 38

Part of Carson's success was due to her...

Answer 38

meticulous documentation of her thorough research, which added to the scientific credibility of her work

Question 39

What did Rachel Carson initiate?

Answer 39

Environmental awareness that led to the modern environmental movement

Question 40

John Muir

Answer 40

founded the Sierra Club

Question 41

Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 41

pormoted conservation of public lands (national parks)

Question 42

"I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the natural resources of our land; but I do not recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after us."

Answer 42

It is okay for us to use the resources provided to us by the Earth, but it isn't okay for us to waste the resources and take them from future generations

Question 43

Aldo Leopold

Answer 43

- Father of ecology, founder of field of wildlife management, helped to create the Wilderness Society - Promoted wilderness conservation and environmental ethics - wrote A Sand County Almanac - His land ethic included soils, water, plants, and animals

Question 44

Human population growth and trends

Answer 44

- 7.2 billion people and growing at a rate of 1.2%/year - 80 million people are added each year - although global population growth may be slowing, growth and fertility rates are still high in developing countires - The world's population has increased sixfold - population growth would fit a J-shaped curve

Question 45

Causes of biodiversity losses

Answer 45

1. Conversion of natural land to crops and cities (habitat loss) 2. Pollution and global warming 3. Exploitation for commercial value (overharvesting, Ex; passenger pigeon) 4. Species are hunted, killed, and marketed illegally (right whales, carolina parakeets, dodo birds)