Flashcards in Chapter 1 Deck (12):
1
3 domains
eukaryotes, archaea, bacteria
2
5 kingdoms
monera (prokaryote), animal, plant, fungi, protist
3
Features shared in the same species
Interbreed in their natural habit and produce healthy and fertile offspring
Genetic similarity
4
Plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Phospholipid head is polar/hydrophilic and is made up of a phosphate group and glycerol
Phospholipid tail is non-polar/hydrophobic and is made up of fatty acids, saturated has as many hydrogens as possible (tightly packed because of straight tails), unsaturated has double bonds and doesn't have as many hydrogen molecules (bent tail and unable to pack in more tightly), can be any combination
active and selective boundary, denotes cell identity, receives external signals, transports materials
5
Diffusion
net movement of a substance from a region of high solute to a region of low solute
6
Osmosis
the net movement of water from a region of low concentration solute to a region of high solute through a semi-permeable membrane
Aquaporin- trans-membrane protein that facilitates osmosis
7
Facilitated diffusion
involves protein transporters where hydrophilic substances are transported down the concentration gradient (high to low), uses channel proteins or carrier proteins, is also passive
Channel protein- is trans-membrane with which its centre is filled with water to allow the passage of hydrophilic substances
Carrier protein- specific and will undergo a change in shape to pass substances through
Glucose, Na, K
8
Simple diffusion
uncharged (CO2 H20 are uncharged, Na+Cl- cannot cross), small molecules can cross(large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids can’t cross), compounds which can dissolve in lipid can cross (hydrophilic cannot), diffusion can occur (region of higher concentration to lower concentration)
9
Active transport
uses pumps where hydrophilic substances are transported against the concentration gradient (low to high) using energy in the form of ATP
Pump- transports only one or 2 substances, has a transport and enzyme function. Enzyme catalyses an energy-releasing reaction (ATP-->ADP+Pi+Energy). This energy is used to transport ions and polar molecules against their gradient across the pm. The pump, like the carrier protein, undergoes a change.
10
Endocytosis/excoytosis
bulk transport of small solid particles, macro-molecules and liquids
Needs ATP
11
Hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic
Hypotonic solution- has a lower solute concentration outside, water flows in
Isotonic solution- has equal concentration
Hypertonic solution- has a higher solute concentration outside, water flows out
12