chapter 1

Question 1

defined as the biomedical study of the interaction of chemical substances with living systems, including cells, tissues, and organisms

Answer 1

pharmacology

Question 2

describes the part of science dealing with the use of drugs in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases

Answer 2

pharmacotherepeutics

Question 3

is the study of drug movement throughout the body, including how a drug gets to the site of action, and how the body handles medications i.e., by the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Answer 3

pharmacokinetics

Question 4

the actions of a drug or a specific target organ, including mechanism of action, receptor interactions, dose-response relationship, and therapeutic and toxic reactions

Answer 4

pharmacodynamics

Question 5

the convergence of pharmacology and genetics, including the genetic factors that influence an organisms response to a drug

Answer 5

pharmacogenetics

Question 6

the use of many medications; many elderly are taking more than one drug

Answer 6

polypharmacy

Question 7

who sets standards and guidelines to protect the public from drug misuse

Answer 7

regulation and classification of drugs

Question 8

established in 1820; first publication of drug standards; USP label on many medications; verifies purity and exact amounts of ingredients

Answer 8

US pharmacopoeia (USP)

Question 9

what year congress passed the biologics control act to control the quality of serums and other blood related products

Answer 9

1902

Question 10

the pure food and drug act gave the government control over the labeling of medicines in what year

Answer 10

1906

Question 11

in what year was the act amended and an even stronger food drug and cosmetic act passed in 1938

Answer 11

1912

Question 12

the food drug and cosmetic act has had many amendments; one of the is the ______ which clarified prescription and non prescription drugs. prescription drugs must say caution: federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription

Answer 12

durham humphrey amendment in 1952

Question 13

in 1962 the ______ required the demonstration of safety and efficacy in animal and human studies before a drug is put on the market

Answer 13

kefauver harris amendments

Question 14

in 1997, the _________ gave the fda authority to accelerate the approval process for critically needed drugs. instead of waiting approximately 15 months of approval, the drug would be approved in as little as 6 months. this act represents the largest reform effort of the drug review process since 1938

Answer 14

food and drug administration modernization act

Question 15

in what year did the omnibus reconciliation act protects direct to consumer drug advertising

Answer 15

2005

Question 16

refers to the chemical makeup of the drug and defines the unique chemical structure that is listed in the united states adopted names (USAN) designations

Answer 16

chemical name

Question 17

united states adopted names(USAN) designations(acetaminophen)

Answer 17

generic name

Question 18

registered trademark belonging to a particular drug manufacturer(tylenol); patent lasts for 17 years

Answer 18

trade(brand) name

Question 19

what does DAW mean

Answer 19

dispense as written

Question 20

what is the most common units of measurement in medicine

Answer 20

apothecary system

Question 21

ac

Answer 21

before meals

Question 22

bid

Answer 22

twice a day

Question 23

cap

Answer 23

capsule

Question 24

dis

Answer 24

dispense

Question 25

prn

Answer 25

as needed

Question 26

q

Answer 26

everyday

Question 27

h

Answer 27

hour

Question 28

hs

Answer 28

at bedtime

Question 29

qh

Answer 29

every hour

Question 30

q8h

Answer 30

every 8 hours

Question 31

qid

Answer 31

4 times a day

Question 32

pc

Answer 32

after meals

Question 33

stat

Answer 33

at once

Question 34

sig

Answer 34

write on label

Question 35

tid

Answer 35

3 times a day

Question 36

po

Answer 36

orally(by mouth)

Question 37

Rx

Answer 37

take thou a recipe; prescription

Question 38

qs

Answer 38

a sufficient quantity

Question 39

tab

Answer 39

tablet

Question 40

gtts

Answer 40

drops

Question 41

NR

Answer 41

no refills

Question 42

what act classified according to abuse potential(addiction and dependency); drugs placed in schedules by FDA

Answer 42

harrison narcotic act of 1914

Question 43

highest abuse potential; no safe medical use; medical research, marijuana, hashish, pcp, lsd, heroin

Answer 43

C- I

Question 44

high abuse potential; safe medical use; some narcotics, stimulants, and depressants, cocaine, morphine, methadone, methamphetamine, oxycodone(percocet), methylphenidate(ritalin)

Answer 44

C- II

Question 45

moderate abuse potential; acetaminophen with codeine(tylenol with codeine 3, 4) acetaminophen with hydrocodone(vicodin), anabolic steroids

Answer 45

C-III

Question 46

low abuse potential; triazolam(halcion; sedative), chloral hydrate, phenobarbital, diazapam(valium), alprozolam(xanax); in some states(New York, Texas) these drugs are classified as CII

Answer 46

C-IV

Question 47

lowest abuse potential; cough medicines that contain codeine

Answer 47

C-V

Question 48

warning that the drug carries a significant risk of serious or even life threatening adverse effects

Answer 48

black box warning

Question 49

a pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative that does not show differences in the rate and extent of absorption

Answer 49

bioequivalence

Question 50

the FDA publishes annually a book called______ which lists which trade-name drugs are generically interchangeable

Answer 50

approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations--- the orange book

Question 51

studies on humans fail to show a risk to the fetus or pregnant woman, lowest risk

Answer 51

A

Question 52

animal studies have not shown a risk to the fetus but there are no human studies in pregnant women

Answer 52

B

Question 53

animal studies have shown a risk to the fetus, but no human studies on pregnant women have been done

Answer 53

C

Question 54

there is evidence that the drug may cause fetal damage, but in lifethreatening situations, benefits for use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk to the fetus. A warning will be printed on label

Answer 54

D

Question 55

studies in animals or humans have shown risk to the fetus and woman. the drug is contraindicated in women who are, or may become, pregnant

Answer 55

X