Chapter 1: An Intro to Basic Principles (Hill)

Question 1

Main nutrients *

Answer 1

• Water
• Protein, amino acids, or other N compounds
• Fat/fatty acids/lipids
• minerals
• vitamins

Question 2

fat soluble vitamins *

Answer 2

A,D,E,K

Question 3

water soluble vitamins *

Answer 3

B and C

Question 4

what is AAVN/ACVN iterative approach to feeding “in the face of the unknown”? *

Answer 4

try to assess what to feed, feed it, and hopefully it leads to success:

Question 5

AAVN/ACVN Nutritional Plan steps (5) *

Answer 5

FARMS

1) formula
2) assess (history, physical)
3) route
4) monitor (BCS, blood counts, etc.)
5) slow changes

Question 6

essential nutrient **

Answer 6

a nutrient that can’t be synthesized in adequate quantities in a normal animal and must be provided in the diet

Question 7

conditionally essential nutrient **

Answer 7

nutrient that is synthesized in adequate quantities by a normal animal but not during a dz or a physiological condition or life-stage

Question 8

balanced diet for a normal animal **

Answer 8

provides quantities of all essential nutrients when consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight/growth

Question 9

balanced diet for an animal with dz **

Answer 9

provides adequate quantities of all essential AND conditionally essential nutrients when the diet is consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight or growth

Question 10

nutrient can be 1 of 3 things depending on its dose *

Answer 10

deficient, adequate, or toxic

Question 11

physiological vs. pharmacological dose *

Answer 11

phys: provides adequate nutrition for a normal animal
pharm: a higher dose that modifies the response in a sick patient

Question 12

have the terms “low” and “high” been defined? *

Answer 12

NO. Def. varies by company

Question 13

Steps of problem-oriented vet. med *

Answer 13

1) history
2) PE
3) problem list
4) differential diagnosis (most common at top, look for dz that explains all the signs)
5) plan
6) treat
7) monitor

Question 14

signalment = *

Answer 14

age, sex/neutered, breed

Question 15

how much percentage of change in weight for each point change in BCS? *

Answer 15

10-15% in dogs, 10% in cats

Question 16

5/9 BCS *

Answer 16

ideal body condition. Ribs felt but not seen. Waist visible from side and above.

Question 17

0/3 MCS *

Answer 17

severe muscle wasting. Requires palpation to determine

Question 18

body weight = *

Answer 18

fat, muscle, bones, water

Question 19

morphometry *

Answer 19

the process of measuring the external shape and dimensions of an animal. I.e. by assessing BMI, skin fold thickness

Question 20

BMI = *

Answer 20

weight/height. Only works for humans

Question 21

Feline BMI formula *

Answer 21

% body fat = 1.5 x C - 2 x L where C = chest circumference and L = limb length

Question 22

lymphopaenia can be due to: *

Answer 22

starvation or other dz

Question 23

iron deficiency can cause low MCV *

Answer 23

:)

Question 24

muscle wasting –> creatinine lvl *

Answer 24

decreases

Question 25

T or F: glucose is rarely low when dogs don't eat *

Answer 25

F

Question 26

why is low albumin due to nutritional deficiency bad? *

Answer 26

albumin has a long half-life, so if it goes down, it is usually a terminal event

Question 27

Factors which affect whether an animal will eat *

Answer 27

1) palatibility 2) appetite 3) aversion (i.e. assoc. new food with sickness) 4) environment

Question 28

can cats detect sucrose? *

Answer 28

no

Question 29

Factors which affect palatibility *

Answer 29

odor, water, texture, protein/fat, aa, sucrose, taste enhancers, temp, flavors, bitterness, medium chain fatty acids, variety

Question 30

steps in nutritional assessment *

Answer 30

1) assess status 2) determine route of admin. 3) determine caloric requirement 4) determine profile of protein, fat, CHO 5) initiate feeding 6) monitor response 7) return to normal feeding

Question 31

major minerals

Answer 31

Ca, P, Na, K, Mg

Question 32

what quantities are major minerals dosed in? *

Answer 32

g/1000 kcal

Question 33

what quantities are minor minerals dosed in? *

Answer 33

mg/1000 kcal

Question 34

What should a good diet history include? *

Answer 34

what, when, where, how much and by whom. food diary, appetite, activity, life stage, systems review

Question 35

defs. of traditional 5 point BCS scale *

Answer 35

1: emaciated 2: thin 3: moderate 4: stout 5: obsese

Question 36

What is included in subjective nutritional assessment? *

Answer 36

BCS, MCS

Question 37

what is included in objective nutritional assessment? *

Answer 37

body weight, change in BW, morphometry, blood glucose, albumin, lymphocyte count, pre-almbumin, transferrin, retinol binding protein, IGF1, chemistries

Question 38

T or F: MCFA caprylic acid has decreased palatibility in cats

Answer 38

T

Question 39

What is digest?

Answer 39

product of partial enzymatic digestion of animal tissue that increases p food palatibility.

Question 40

What to feed depends on:

Answer 40

1) nutrient composition 2) nutrient bioavailability 3) individual variation in energy intake 4) price 5) acceptance by patient

Question 41

cat malnutrition --> CPK lvl

Answer 41

increases

Question 42

cat malnutrition --> alkaline phosphatase

Answer 42

increases

Question 43

transferrin is a measure of:

Answer 43

total iron binding capacity. Decreases in starvation

Question 44

dog malnutrition --> insulin-like growth factor (IGF1)

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

prothrombin time and PIVKA test reflect:

Answer 45

vitamin K status

Question 46

cachexia

Answer 46

fat loss, muscle wasting

Question 47

causes of hyperkeratosis

Answer 47

vitamin A, zinc deficiency

Question 48

causes of xerophthalmia (dry eye), blindness

Answer 48

vit. A def.

Question 49

Causes of bowed legs, "rubber jaw", beaded ribs, pathological fractures

Answer 49

nutritional:vit. D, Ca and/or P def. | non-nutritional: Hyperparathyroidism primary or secondary to renal failure

Question 50

causes of bone pain

Answer 50

nutritional: hypervitaminosis A | non-nutritional: tumor, fracture, dev. ortho dz

Question 51

neophilic

Answer 51

love of new things