Chapter 8 (pt.1): Other Nutrients (Hill)

Question 0

shock from water in dogs cats

Answer 0

50 in cat 90 in dog ml/kg/hr for 1 hr

puppies and kittens: double adult requirement

Question 1

water maintenance for dogs and cats

Answer 1

1ml/lb/hr or 50ml/kg/day for dogs and cats

assumes ~ 1/2 ml/lb/hr insensible losses and ~1/2 ml/lb/hr urine production

increases with activity ~ 1ml/kcal is good estimate for all species

Question 2

rehydration

Answer 2

~2-5 x maintenance for 24-48 hours

Question 3

minerals

Answer 3

carefully regulated so changes in blood concentration of nutrients are frequently associated with metabolic disease and not nutrient deficiencies.

blood concentrations of nutrients can be normal in the face of severe nutritional depletion

Question 4

what minerals are deficient in Fl forages

Answer 4

Zn, Cu and Selenium

manganese might be as well but hard to test

Question 5

are mineral and vitamin supplements necessary in cats and dogs?

Answer 5

no not if they are on a standard commercial diet

Question 6

incipient

Answer 6

active ingredient

Question 7

excipient

Answer 7

binders, colorants, palatability enhancer like protein and fat

Question 8

home cooked diets require supplementation with:

Answer 8

multivitamin/trace minerals
calcium
phosphorus

Question 9

Ca and P sources

Answer 9

legumes contain adequate Ca

cereal grains and grass hays need Ca supplementation

Question 10

where can you get Calcium carbonate

Answer 10

limestone

Question 11

where can you get calcium phosphate

Answer 11

bone meal

Question 12

where can you get Ca acetate

Answer 12

“phoslo” a very soluble and potent phosphate binder

Question 13

Ca and P requirements

Answer 13

they are the principle components of ash in guaranteed analysis
Ca: P ratio should be between 1:1 and 2:1

Question 14

when are abnormalities of blood calcium seen?

Answer 14

Ca and P are well regulated and bone stores are large so the only time you should see abnormalities are associated with disease

Question 15

Eclampsia

Answer 15

hypocalcemia observed in dogs around parturtiion leading to tetanus, seizures and poor uterine contraction, and prolong QT interval on EKG

tx: 10% Ca gluconate and stop pups from suckling

Question 16

Calcium deficiency

Answer 16

signs of deficiency are primarily associated with bone resorption (Rickets)

dogs and cats fed all meat diets may receive little Ca and get nutritional hyperparathryoidism and osteoporosis.

lack of natural sunlight and subsequent hypovitaminosis D results in nutritional hyperparathyroidism in REPTILES

Question 17

P deficiency

Answer 17

hypophosphatemia is primarily observed in starved animals following the reintroduction of food or in diabetics.

signs: low ATP, hi red cell fragility, anemia, hemorrhage and neurological signs

–> insulin causes increased use of P for the phosphorylated intermediates of glycolysis so incipient hypophosphatemia can exacerbate too rapid administrationof glucose or insulin

Question 18

when are abnormalities of blood Na and K usually seen?

Answer 18

they are well regulated and usually only associated with disease

Question 19

Salt deficiency

Answer 19

absence of salt in diet can cause: low palatability and appetitie, low growth and low efficiency of feed utilization

signs: hyponatremia includes nausea, inappetence, if rapid in onset can cause osmotic swelling of hte brain and may cause neurologic signs similar to salt poisoning

Question 20

salt toxicity

Answer 20

salt poisoning (pigs) and hypernatremia and hyperosmolality (dogs) can occur if water is restricted following feeding of high salt diets

signs: neurological. the brain becomes hyperosmotic so that it attracts water by osmosis and swells when drinking resumes

Question 21

hypokalemia

Answer 21

signs are of irregular cardiac rhythm, flat T waves and in cats muscle weakness, persistent ventroflexion of the neck, increased CPK.

Question 22

in what animal and condition is hypokalemia common?

Answer 22

in cats with renal failure because of increased renal losses

Question 23

hyperkalemia

Answer 23

usually secondary to metabolic disease
- ace inhibitors with excess intake

signs: muscle weakness, irregular cardiac rhythm, peaked T waves, prolonged QRS and PR intervals

Question 24

sulfur sources

Answer 24

sulfur containing amino acids (methionine, cystine, taurine) | vitamins (thiamin, biotin)

Question 25

sulfur requirements

Answer 25

ruminants require sulfur for protein synthesis when urea is used as nitrogen source. excess contributes to inhibition of Cu absorption birds use sulfate to synthesize taurine sheep wool contains substantial amounts of sulfur sulfur plays a role in large intestinal fermentation

Question 26

Fe sources

Answer 26

iron filings: <1% absorbed iron oxide (rust) is used as a red colorant and causes red stool if included in too great an excess ferrous sulfate and ferrous carbonate (both 10 - 20% absorbable) haem iron: 30 - 50% available

Question 27

which minerals compete for absorption sites

Answer 27

Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Cd Cu-M, Z, Co, Cd <-- sounds funny - a way to remember?

Question 28

which is more absorable: ferrous (Fe 2+) or ferric (Fe3+)?

Answer 28

ferrous (Fe2+)

Question 29

what promotes absorption?

Answer 29

reducing agents (like ascorbic acid)

Question 30

when is absorption increased? decreased?

Answer 30

increased = deficient animals decreased = replete animals

Question 31

what inhibits absorption

Answer 31

phytates and vegetable proteins inhibit absorption like soy protein or fiber

Question 32

what are some iron containing compounds?

Answer 32

oxygen carriers: hemoglobin and myoglobin oxidation-reduction enzymes: cytochromes transport: transferrin storage: ferritin, hemosiderin

Question 33

Fe deficiency

Answer 33

signs: microcytic hypochromic anemia, thrombocytosis primarily due to chronic blood loss (think parasites) -young kittens exhibit evidence of iron deficiency

Question 34

hemochromatosis

Answer 34

found in: mynahs, birds of paradise and toucans signs: mostly seocndary to accumulation of Fe in the liver causing fibrosis, hepatomegaly, ascites, weight loss and dyspnea, hi liver enzymes tx: symptomatic or phlebotomy

Question 35

iodine: function

Answer 35

exclusively in thyroid hormones

Question 36

iodine sources

Answer 36

deficiency is observed where soils are deficient in center of continents away from sea - seaweed and kelp contain large amounts - eggs and milk - cereal and muscle contain a little

Question 37

iodine content in pet foods

Answer 37

is unknown and possibly of wide variation. this has led to the hypothesis that oscillating exposure to iodine may contribute to the induction of hyperthyroidism in cats

Question 38

iodine deficiency

Answer 38

- goiter - deficiency of intake like in seed eating birds signs: decreased metabolic rate, growth, poor hair coat, decreased reproduction

Question 39

iodine toxicity

Answer 39

suppresses thyroid acitvity and also causes goiter

Question 40

Cu sources

Answer 40

most foods but especially legumes and shell fish Cu sulfate and Cu oxide are added to pet foods

Question 41

Cu absorption

Answer 41

Zn and Cd compete with Cu in binding of metallothionein transport in plasma bound to ceruloplasmin thiomolybdates and phytates inhibit absorption liver is main storage organ

Question 42

what inhibits Cu absorption

Answer 42

phytates and thiomolybdates

Question 43

Cu function:

Answer 43

- hemoglobin synthesis - melanin formation - crosslinking collagen and elastin in CT - formation of tight junctions - myelin formation

Question 44

Cu deficiency

Answer 44

may cause dilated cardiomyopathy in cats fed Cu oxide instead of Cu sulfate

Question 45

signs of Cu deficiency

Answer 45

- microcytic anemia - ataxia in lambs - cardiomyopathy - lack of pigmentation causing grey spectacles around the eyes

Question 46

Cu toxicity

Answer 46

cattle and sheep exposed to contaminated pastures accumulate Cu in the liver which is rapidly released during stress to produce an acute hemolytic crisis, anemia and hemoglobinuria. - keep Cu <100ppm - avoid using non-ruminant blocks for small ruminants because sheep are very sensitive to Cu poisoning

Question 47

Wilson's disease or hepatic copper toxicosis: seen in what breed

Answer 47

Bedlington terriers - genetic defect of Cu metabolism tx: d-penicillamine which chelates copper and Zn sulfate wwhich competes with Cu for absorption

Question 48

Zn sources

Answer 48

shell fish, meat, leafy vegetables and whole grains less available in cereal grains refined carbs are poor sources

Question 49

Zn absorption

Answer 49

inhibited by phytates, soybean meal, Ca competition between Zn and Cu

Question 50

Zn functions:

Answer 50

metalloenzymes stabilizing membranes

Question 51

*Zn deficiency in dogs*

Answer 51

fed high fiber, high Ca generic dog foods huskies, malamutes, and rapidly growing dogs until puberty develop hyperkeratotic plaques around mucocutaneous junctions which respond to Zn supplementation

Question 52

signs of Zn deficiency

Answer 52

- poor apetite, low growth, poor bone, egg shell and feather formation - poor fertility and small testicles - parakeratosis - decreased immune funciton

Question 53

Zn toxicity

Answer 53

- hemolytic anemia is described in dogs which have swallowed pennies minted after 1983 because they are mostly Zn. can cause acute pancreatitis

Question 54

Molybdneum sources

Answer 54

legumes and cereals liver, kidney and milk

Question 55

excess Molybdenum and signs of it

Answer 55

interferes with Cu and Su metabolism signs: anorexia and weight loss, diarrhea and poor reproduction

Question 56

molbdenum function via metalloenzymes

Answer 56

xanthine oxidase | hydroxylases

Question 57

Manganese sources

Answer 57

manganese sulfate and oxide

Question 58

manganese function

Answer 58

mucopolysaccharide synthesis enzymes pyruvate carboxylase (glycolysis) and superoxide dismutase

Question 59

manganese deficiency

Answer 59

rare except for chicken will get perosis or "slipped tendon" when Achilles' tendons slips off its condyle low growth, bone malformation, curvature of spine and swollen joints

Question 60

Selenium sources

Answer 60

soil via plants hi in meat and fish AAFCO min should be increased because of low bioavailability

Question 61

Selenium function

Answer 61

antioxidant in conjunction with vitamin E

Question 62

Selenium deficiency

Answer 62

lambs, calves and foals: white muscle disease pigs: liver necrosis, and mulberry heart disease poultry: exudative diathesis

Question 63

Selenium toxicity

Answer 63

when > 5ppm acute: respiratory distress, diarrhea, death subacute: "blind staggers" - stumbling paralysis, impaired vision, abdominal pain, etc. chronic: "alkali disease" - low vitality, loss of hair, sloughing of hooves, lameness, etc.

Question 64

Cobalt metabolism

Answer 64

- essential part of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) | - B12 synthesized from cobalt by intestinal bacteria in ruminants

Question 65

cobalt deficiency

Answer 65

common on certain pastures in Florida causes unthriftiness, lacrimation, anemia

Question 66

Cobalt supplementation

Answer 66

not needed in monogastrics feed Co containing mineral blocks designed for ruminants

Question 67

Chromium sources

Answer 67

whole grains, spices, stainless steel dairy products and veg. sources are low

Question 68

function of chromium

Answer 68

insulin potentiation

Question 69

Vanadium function

Answer 69

mimics action of insulin, affects iodine (thyroid) metabolism