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Nutrition > Section 4: Feeding Management of Horses (Warren) > Flashcards

Section 4: Feeding Management of Horses (Warren) Flashcards

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1
Q

Percentage breakdown of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine for horses

A

stomach: 8%
small intestine: 30%
large intestine: 62%

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2
Q

fxs of stomach

A
  • start protein digestion
  • mechanical churning
  • NO absorption
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3
Q

2 parts of stomach

A
  • non-glandular (esophageal region)

- glandular (cardiac, fundic, pyloric regions)

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4
Q

secretions of glandular stomach

A

HCl, pepsinogen, mucus

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5
Q

fxs of SI

A
  • enzymatic digestion of starch protein, fat

- absorption of sugars, aa, NEFA, vits/mins

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6
Q

fxs of LI

A

microbes for fiber digestion

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7
Q

4 segments of LI

A

cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum

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8
Q

non-digestible carb

A

lignin

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9
Q

insoluble fibers. How are these digested?

A

hemicellulose, cellulose, ligno-cellulose. slowly fermented in LI –> acetate, butyrate

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10
Q

Resistant starches and soluble fibers. How are these digested?

A

fructans, pectins, gums, micilages, galactans. Rapidly fermented in LI –> lactate, propionate

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11
Q

how are monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, starches digested?

A

enzymatic hydrolysis in SI –> glucose

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12
Q

NDF

A

neutral detergent fiber. Comprised of insoluble fiber and lignin

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13
Q

see table top of slide 3

A

:)

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14
Q

5 common digestion disorders

A

1) impaction
2) gas build-up
3) hindgut acidosis
4) laminitis
5) gastric ulcers

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15
Q

impaction is caused by:

A

blockage in intestines, usually at sternal/pelvic flexures or ileocecal jx

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16
Q

normal products of microbial digestion of fiber in LI

A

VFA, B-vits, vit K, heat, gas

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17
Q

what happens in gas build-up? What is produced?

A

rate of gas prod. exceeds rate of gas removal with rapid fermentation of NSC (non-structurable carb). lactic acid, drop in pH, lots of gas produced.

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18
Q

gas build-up can secondarily cause:

A

colic, stomach rupture, torsion/displacement of intestine

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19
Q

hindgut acidosis

A

low pH in hindgut due to lactic acid prod. from rapid ferm. of NSC. Results in:

  • microbe death
  • endotoxins/inflamatory mediators –>diarrhea, laminitis
  • metabolic changes
  • reduced gastric motility –> colic
  • reduced digestive efficiency
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20
Q

laminitis

A

disruption of intricate network of blood supply to feet. Can be caused by nutrition and other factors

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21
Q

founder

A

can happen secondarily to laminitis from tendons pulling up and weight of horse pushing down

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22
Q

nutrition-related laminitis is probably due to:

A

excess NSC intake. Causes metabolic aberrations and hidgut acidosis

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23
Q

most common site of gastric ulcers

A

non-glandular mucosa b/c it doesn’t have protective mechs from HCl prod. by gland. mucosa

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24
Q

Correct way to feed horses

A
  • majority of diet = roughages (high fiber, energy, protein)
  • small, frequent meals
  • don’t overfeed NSC
  • high quality protein sources
  • gradual changes to diet
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25
most starch comes from:
grains (i.e.oats, corn)
26
limit for starch digestion in SI
0.3% BW as starch per meal, and 0.5% BW as grain per meal
27
does microbial protein have value to horse?
NO. It needs to be met by diet
28
good sources of protein
soybean meal, skim milk, whey, casein
29
cool season grasses
timothy, orchardgrass, fescue, bromegrass
30
warm season grasses
bermudagrass, bahia, stargrass, pangolagrass
31
3 main forages used to feed horses
grass, legume, hay. Grass highest fiber, legume highest protein and Ca
32
legumes are high in:
protein, N, Ca
33
What is straw very high in?
fiber. Low in basically everything else
34
nutrient content depends on:
1) type of forage | 2) stage of maturity
35
increasing plant maturity --> nutrient content
decreases. (i.e. crude protein, calories, minerals)
36
increasing plant maturity --> fiber content
increases
37
How to select a high-quality forage
-cut at mid-maturity -lots of leaves -not rotten -green +/- lab analysis
38
When should concentrates be included in diet? *
only when forage alone will not meet all nutrient requirements
39
concentrate def.
a feedstuff or mixture of feedstuffs that provide a more concentrated source of nutrients than forage
40
Horses that likely need concentrates
- growing - pregnant/lactating - exercise - need to gain weight - fed poor quality forage
41
most common cereal grains
oats, corn, barley
42
are cereal grains higher or lower in DE, starch than roughages?
higher
43
nutritional disadvantage of cereal grains
not well balanced, so you need to add additional protein, vits, mins
44
commercial feed
a fortified feed containing a mixture of feedstuffs
45
primary ingredients of commercial feeds
1) cereal grains 2) grain byproducts 3) protein feedstuffs 4) vit/min premix other potential ingredients: 1) add. fat source 2) add. fiber source
46
what percent fat is considered high in horses?
8-10%
47
"fat-added" feeds have >__% crude fat?
5%
48
benefit of fat-added feeds
good for horses that require a lot of concentrate; reduces intake of starch
49
fiber-added feeds have >__% crude fiber?
9%
50
benefit of fiber-added feeds
good for horses that don't need a lot of extra calories or those sensitive to starch
51
protein in cereal grains is similar to:
grass hays
52
Which has most DE? oats, barley, corn, or grain mix
corn
53
Which has most protein? oats, barley, corn, or grain mix
grain mix
54
"Complete feeds" contain: *
forage, grain, protein, vits/mins. Must have a minimum of 18% crude fiber **
55
commercial feeds are sold based on:
crude protein content
56
selection of feed should be based on:
1) type of forage | 2) requirements of horse
57
which is most digestible: textured, pellets, or extruded feed?
extruded
58
which vitamins are not made by horse? **
A and E
59
primary minerals of concern in horses:
Ca, P, Na, Cl, Cu, Zn, Se
60
T or F: EVERY horse needs free-choice access to a source of salt *
T
61
a complete mineral/vitamin supplement contains:
micro/macro minerals, vit. A,D,E
62
Probably need complete min/vit supplement when feeding:
all-forage diet, unfortified grains/forage, or <5lb. fortified commercial diet
63
horse "at maintenance" is:
sedentary, non-growing, non-pregnant, non-lactating
64
how to feed maintenance horses
- forage - complete vit/min supplement - concentrate PRN - salt/water free-choice
65
ideal BCS of maintenance, working, and broodmares
maintenance/working:5-6 | broodmares: 6-7
66
nutrients most affected by exercise
- water - energy - electrolytes (NaCl, K) - vit E
67
how to feed working horses
- forage - commercial fortified concentrate - salt and water free-choice
68
why BCS 6-7 for broodmares?
- promote conception - won't cause dystocia - body stores for lactation
69
how to feed early gestation (1-6 mo.) horse
-similar to maintenance horse unless being worked or nursing
70
how to feed late gestation (7-11 mo.) horse
- good quality forage - commercial fortified conc. - salt/H2O - moderate increases in DE, protein, Ca, P, and TM requirements
71
what stage of production cycle are broodmares bred?
2 mo. after foaling
72
what nutrient requirements increase during lactation?
DE (80%), protein (140%), Ca(200%), P(150%), TM (25%)
73
what to feed during lactation
- forage - commercial fort. conc. - salt/h2O
74
What life stage horse has the greatest nutrient requirements?
growing horses. Also have small GI tract, so need nutrient dense feed!
75
nutritional causes of developmental orthopedic dz *
- unsteady, interrupted growth rate - excess energy - Ca, P, Cu, Zn deficiency - excess Ca and protein do NOT cause it!
76
benefit of creep feeding
allows foals to seek out their own food source w/o mare's access
77
when does mare's milk not meet all of foal's needs?
2mo.
78
when should you start feeding foal solid food?
2 wks
79
what to feed weanlings? (2yo)
- forage - comm. forti. conc. (decreasing with age) - salt/H2O free choice
80
upper end of horse's DM intake
2.5-3% BW/day
81
minimum forage to feed, in general
1% BW (ideally feed 1.5%)
82
max. feed concentrate per meal:
0.5% BW per meal
83
why should you not mix unfortified grains with commercial feeds?
dilutes fortification
84
as horses age, there is a slight reduction in the digestion of:
fiber, protein, phosporus

Nutrition (16 decks)

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