Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PRAXIS and COMPS > CHAPTER 1- Anatomy & Physiology of communication & swallowing > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1- Anatomy & Physiology of communication & swallowing Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The bodily structure of an organism and its parts

A

anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The study of normal function of bodily structures & parts

A

physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The study of physiological, mechanical and psychological mechanisms of movement

A

kinesiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the study of hearing disorders, evaluation, & rehabilitation

A

Audiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the study of how sound is used across languages to convey meaning

A

phonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the study of mental processes & behavior

A

psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle cells?

A
  1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  1. is striated & under voluntary control

2. generates voluntary muscle movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  1. striated & contracts involuntarily

2. Found in the heart wall and contracts to propel blood through the heart chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  1. no striated & contracts involuntarily
  2. specialized for relatively slow, sustained contraction in the internal organs, blood vessels, eyes, and hair follicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the complex information processing system that enables interaction with the environment for survival & reproduction?

A

Nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Purpose of a neuron

A

information reception and transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body with nucleus
  2. dendrites
  3. axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is specialized for transmitting or propogating APs in order to communicate with other neurons contract muscle or cause glands to secrete

A

axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is involved in processes specialized for receiving signals from other neurons or environmental stimuli?

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The brain and the spinal cord make up the…

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

Spinal & cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can the PNS be subdivided?

A

somatic NS & autonomic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the somatic NS?

A

supports sensation & motor functions of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the autonomic NS?

A

regulates digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration, & gland secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic NS?

A
  1. Parasympathetic division

2. Sympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Purpose of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

helps maintain homeostasis by balancing functions such as respiration, digestion, & various metabolic needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Purpose of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

fight or flight response- increases heart rate, blood pressure, sweat production, respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the CNS communicate with the body?

A

via peripheral nerves (spinal & cranial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many pairs of cranial nerves are in the PNS?
12
26
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS?
31
27
Which cranial nerve contributes to the oral stage of swallowing: chewing, bolus sensation?
CN V- trigeminal
28
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing & sound localization?
CN 8- Vestibulocochlear
29
What cranial nerve is responsible for bolus manipulation and propulsion during the oral stage?
CN XII- Hypoglossal
30
Which CN is responsible for head turning and should elevation?
CN XI- Spinal accessory
31
What CN is responsible for velum elevation, gag reflex, vocal fold tension, adduction & abduction?
CN X- Vagus
32
Which CN is responsible for taste & articulation?
CN 7- Facial
33
Afferent nerves are
Sensory
34
Efferent nerves are
motor
35
What are the protective membranes of the CNS called?
meninges
36
The thin, delicate fibrous sheet that is tightly adhered to the surface of the brain & spinal cord
Pia mater
37
The spider, weblike mesh of fibers which provides a region through which CSF can flow
arachnoid mater
38
the tough durable sac made of dense fibrous tissue that surrounds the brain & spinal cord
Dura mater
39
Describe the ventricles of the brain
1. Right & Left lateral ventricles 2. third ventricle- midline of the brain 3. fourth ventrible- at the base of the cerebellum
40
What three segements form the brainstem?
1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla
41
Describe the medulla & its function
- lowermost segment of the brainstem - controls autonomic functions- respiration, cardiac rate, reflex motor responses such as coughing, vomiting, & swallowing
42
Describe the pons & its function
- located between the medulla & the brainstem | - mastication, facial expressions, eye movements (cranial nerves)
43
Describe the midbrain & its function
the most rostral (highest) portion of the brainstem | -coordination of phonatory, articulatory, and respiratory movements
44
What does "cerebellum" mean in Latin
"little brain"
45
Function of the cerebellum
motor control- improve future movements by sending error correction information to the motor cortex of the cerebrum
46
What are the lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
47
Which lobe is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissue?
Frontal lobe
48
Which part of the frontal lobe contributes to executive functioning- attention, monitoring, planning, & decision making?
Prefrontal cortex
49
Which area of the frontal lobe is important for language production?
Broca's area
50
The primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) is ______________ to the premotor cortex
posterior
51
Which lobe is posterior to the central sulcus & superior to the lateral fissure?
Parietal
52
What is the anterior most portion of the parietal lobe?
Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
53
Which lobe is inferior to the lateral fissure & anterior to the occipital lobe?
Temporal lobe
54
What is another name for the primary auditory cortex?
Heschl's gyrus
55
Which area of the temporal lobe is important for language comprehension?
Wernicke's area
56
Brodmann's area 44 & 45
Broca's area
57
Brodmann's area 22
Wernicke's area
58
What are the two types of motor pathways?
1. Direct motor pathway- Pyramidal system | 2. Indirect motor pathway- Extrapyramidal system
59
What is the function of the direct motor pathway?
control of skilled, voluntary movements of our extremities
60
What are the two tracts of the direct motor pathway (pyramidal system)?
1. Corticospinal tract | 2. Corticobulbar tract
61
Describe the corticospinal tract
Upper motor neurons originate from the primary & premotor cortex, the fibers extend through the internal capsule (above the midbrain), pyramidal decussation occurs in the brainstem (cross over) to control muscles on the contralateral side of the body, tracts synapse with lower motor neurons
62
Describe the corticobulbar tract
Function: control muscles of face, head, & neck Upper motor neurons originate in the primary motor cortex, axons project contralaterally or bilaterally onto cranial nerve motor nuclei
63
Typically, corticobular control is...
bilateral
64
What are two exceptions to bilateral innervation of the corticobular tract?
1. contralateral control of lower face (CN VII) | 2. contralateral control of the tongue (CN XII)
65
What is the indirect activation pathway (extrapyramidal system) involved in?
reflexes & coordination of various muscle groups, modulation & regulation of posture, balance, tone, & some voluntary movements
66
Which lung is smaller?
Left lung
67
How many lobes are in the R lung?
3
68
How many lobes are in the L lung?
2
69
Aspiration is more common in which lung?
Right
70
What are the four major muscle groups involved in respiration?
diaphragm, abdominals, internal & external intercostals
71
Quiet breathing versus Speech breathing
Quiet breathing is passive & involuntary. | Speech breathing is active & volitional.
72
Where is the larynx located?
in the neck- at the level of C3-C6
73
What does the larynx connect
Connects the oropharynx & laryngopharynx to the trachea.
74
Why is the larynx important during swallowing?
Airway protection
75
What are the midline, unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
1. Thyroid 2. Cricoid 3. Epiglottis
76
What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?
1. Arytenoids 2. Cuniforms 3. Corniculates
77
Describe the location of the VF
Extend from the anterior thyroid cartilage to the vocal processes of the arytenoids
78
What are the 3 layers of the VF?
1. Vocalis muscle 2. Lamina propria 3. Superficial
79
The area between the VF
glottis
80
Describe the cycle of voicing
1. VF are adducted- closing the glottis 2. subglottic air pressure builds up 3. air pressure eventually blows open the vocal folds 4. Air rushes through the glottis & pressure decreases 5. the decrease in pressure & pliable nature of the VF, closes the VF 6. with the VF closed, another cycle begins

PRAXIS and COMPS (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions