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PRAXIS and COMPS > Chapter 1- Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of speech mechanism > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of speech mechanism Flashcards

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1
Q

The exchange of has between organism and its environment

A

Respiration

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2
Q

What two functions make up respiration?

A

Inhalation and exhalation

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3
Q

When we inhale, the chest cavity __________.

A

expands

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4
Q

How do quiet breathing and breathing for speech difer?

A

Speech breathing is more conscious and adjusted to meet the demands of speech

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5
Q

Humans generally speak on __________

A

exhaled air

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6
Q

Describe the process of inhalation

A
  1. Chest and lungs expand
  2. diaphragm lowers
  3. air flows in through nose and mouth
  4. air goes down pharynx and between open VF
  5. air continues downward through trachea
  6. air reaches lungs
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7
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

Thoracic cavity

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8
Q

The larynx sits atop what structure?

A

Trachea

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9
Q

How many vertebra are in the spinal column?

A

32-33

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10
Q

Describe the 5 segments of the spinal column

A
  1. 7 cervical (C1-C7)
  2. 12 thoracic(T1-T12)
  3. 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
  4. 5 sacral (S1-S5)
  5. 3-4 coccygeal
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11
Q

The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax

A

diaphragm

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12
Q

Which two primary categories of muscles support respiration?

A

Thoracic muscles of inhalation and abdominal muscles of expiration

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13
Q

Adduction

A

move toward midline

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14
Q

Abduction

A

move away from midline

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15
Q

space between the VF

A

glottis

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

responsible for controlling sound production

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17
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid

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18
Q

Which is the primary muscle for abduction?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

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19
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve X

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

support the larynx and fix its position

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21
Q

Which extrinsic muscles elevate the larynx?

A

Suprahyoid muscles (elevators)

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22
Q

Which extrinsic muscles lower the larynx?

A

infrahyoid muscles (depressors)

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the VF?

A
  1. epithelium (outer cover)
  2. lamina propria (middle layer- 3 layers)
  3. vocalis muscle (body and stability)
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24
Q

Name all the pairs of VF

A
  1. True VF
  2. Aryepiglottic folds
  3. Ventricular (false) folds
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25
Describe the aryepiglottic folds
Extend from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help protect the airway
26
Describe the ventricular folds
They only vibrate at very low frequencies and compress during coughing and lifting heavy objects
27
Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds
myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
28
Caused by the increase speed of air passing between the vocal folds, is the "sucking" motion of the VF toward one another
Bernoulli effect
29
Describe the mucosal wave
The cover (epithelium) and the superficial lamina propria and the transition move over the vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave
30
The mucosal wave is necessary to produce ________.
vibration- phonation
31
What the function of the cerebellum?
regulate motor movement
32
Which two cranial nerves innervate the larynx?
VII- Facial | X- Vague
33
A flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
velum
34
When the soft palate raises and retracts, what is acheived?
velopharyngeal closure
35
The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose
Hard palate
36
What is the lingual frenulum?
connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue
37
Which cranial nerves innervate muscles of articulation?
1. VII- Facial 2. V- Trigeminal 3. X- Vagus 4. XI- spinal accessory 5. Xii- hypoglossal
38
Name the two parts of a neuron
1. nerve fibers | 2. cell body
39
What are the projections of the cell body that specialize in receiving and conducting stimuli?
dendrites and axons
40
What coats the axons?
myelin
41
How do neurons communicate?
synapses
42
Afferent nerves are __________
sensory
43
Efferent nerves are __________
motor
44
What is the most common type of neuron?
Interneurons- link neurons with other neurons
45
The PNS consists of...?
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, automatic nervous system
46
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
47
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
48
Where do the cranial nerves originate?
spinal cord
49
Cranial nerve 5
Trigeminal- face (sensory); jaw (motor)
50
Cranial nerve 7
Facial- tongue (sensory); face (motor)
51
Cranial nerve 8
Acoustic- hearing and balance (sensory)
52
Cranial nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx (sensory); pharynx only (motor)
53
Cranial nerve 10
Vagus- Larynx, respiratory, cardiac (sensory and motor)
54
Cranial nerve 11
Spinal accessory- Throat movements (motor)
55
Cranial nerve 12
Hypoglossal- tongue (motor)
56
Two branches of the ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
57
The branch of the ANS used for "fight or flight"
sympathetic
58
Functions of the sympathetic branch
accelerates heart rate, dialates pupils, raises BP, increases blood flow- emotional arousal
59
Function of the parasympathetic branch
Brings the body back to a state of relaxation
60
What makes up the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
61
What structures make up the brainstem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
62
The brainstem connects what?
The brain and the spinal cord
63
Function of the midbrain
Controls motor and sensory functions- postural reflexes, visual reflexes, and coordination of eye and head movements
64
Function of pons
Hearing and balance and houses nuclei for trigeminal and facial nerves which are important or speech production
65
Function of medulla
breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure
66
What structure of the brainstem responds to incoming information by affecting the state of a person's alertness and consciousness
Reticular activating system
67
What are the two main structures of the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
68
Function of the thalamus
regulates sensory information
69
What are the 3 nuclear masses that make up the basal ganglia?
globus pallidus putamen caudate nucleus
70
Lesions in the basal ganglia can result in...
unusual body postures, dysarthria, changes in body tone, involuntary and uncontrolled movement
71
Where is the cerebellum located?
Posterior to the brainstem
72
Function of the cerebellum
equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements
73
What kind of dysarthria will result from a lesion in the cerebellum?
Ataxic
74
What is the pyramidal system?
The direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement
75
Two tracts of the pyramidal system
Cortiospinal and corticobulbar
76
What are lower motor neurons?
part of the PNS- cranial and spinal nerves
77
What are upper motor neurons?
Part of the CNS
78
What is the function of the extrapyramidal system?
transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by the fine motor movements of the pyramidal system- indirect activation system
79
Structures involved in the extrapyramidal system
Basal ganglia, red nucleus, substantia niagra, subthalamus
80
3 types of connecting fibers in the cerebrum
projection fibers commissural fibers association fibers
81
Layers of tissue that protect the brain
Dura mater arachnoid pia mater
82
The globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen are called what
The corpus striatum

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