Chapter 1 - Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Forebrain (term)

Answer 1

Proencephalon

Question 2

Proencephalon (parts)

Answer 2

Telencephalon, diencephalon

Question 3

Midbrain (term)

Answer 3

Mesensephalon

Question 4

Hindbrain (term)

Answer 4

Rhombencephalon

Question 5

Rhombencephalon (parts)

Answer 5

Metensephalon, myelencephalon

Question 6

Cerebral cortex (function)

Answer 6

(F) Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes.

Question 7

Basal ganglia (function, contains)

Answer 7

(F) Movement
Contains: extrapyramidal system

Question 8

Limbic system (function, contains)

Answer 8

(F) Emotion and memory
Contains: septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 9

Thalamus (function)

Answer 9

(F) Sensory relay for sight, touch, hearing, and taste.

Question 10

Hypothalamus (function)

Answer 10

(F) Hunger, thirst, emotion, sexual function (4 F’s Fighting, Flighting, Feeding, F*cking)

Question 11

Inferior and superior colliculi (function)

Answer 11

(M) Sensorimotor reflexes

Question 12

Cerebellum (function)

Answer 12

(H) Refined motor movements, balance

Question 13

Medulla oblongata (function)

Answer 13

(H) Heartbeat, breathing, BP. Vital reflexes (vomiting, coughing)

Question 14

Reticular formation (function)

Answer 14

(H) Arousal and alertness

Question 15

Pons (function)

Answer 15

Communication within the brain, breathing

Question 16

Lateral hypothalamus (function)

Answer 16

Hunger and thirst center. Signals brain to eat or drink.

Question 17

Ventromedial hypothalamus (function)

Answer 17

Satiety Center. Signals the brain to stop eating or drinking.

Question 18

Anterior hypothalamus (function)

Answer 18

Controls sexual behavior, regulates sleep and body temperature

Question 19

Posterior pituitary gland (function)

Answer 19

Releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin.

Question 20

Pineal gland (function)

Answer 20

Melatonin secretion and circadian rhythm

Question 21

Septal nuclei (function)

Answer 21

Primary pleasure center of the brain

Question 22

Amygdala (function)

Answer 22

Fear and rage center

Question 23

Hippocampus (function)

Answer 23

Learning and memory center. Helps consolidate information to form long-term memories.

Question 24

Prefrontal cortex (function)

Answer 24

(frontal lobe) Manages executive function. Associates with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long term planning

Question 25

Motor cortex (function)

Answer 25

(frontal lobe) Initiate voluntary motor movements.

Question 26

Brocas area (function)

Answer 26

(frontal lobe) speech production

Question 27

Somatosensory cortex (function)

Answer 27

(parietal lobe) responsible for somatosensory information processing (pain, temperature, pressure, etc)

Question 28

Visual (AKA striate cortex) (function)

Answer 28

(occipital lobe) Sensation and perception of visual information.

Question 29

Auditory cortex (function)

Answer 29

(temporal lobe) Sensation an perception of sound.

Question 30

Wernickes area (function)

Answer 30

(temporal lobe) associated with language processing, emotion, and comprehension.

Question 31

Dominant hemisphere (usually left) (function)

Answer 31

Analytics, logic, math, Brocas area, Wernicke's area

Question 32

Nondominant hemisphere (usually right) (function)

Answer 32

Intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing

Question 33

Anterior singulate cortex

Answer 33

Higher-order cognitive processes (regulation of impulse control, decision making)

Question 34

Agonist vs Antagonist

Answer 34

Agonist: Drug mimicking action of a neurotransmitter. Antagonist: Drug-blocking action of a neurotransmitter.

Question 35

Acetylcholine

Answer 35

Transmits nerve impulses to muscles. Can be excitatory or inhibitory. Linked to attention and arousal in the CNS.

Question 36

Catecholamines (3 types)

Answer 36

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.

Question 37

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Answer 37

Involved in alertness, primary sympathetic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine = local Epinephrine = systemic

Question 38

Low vs high levels of epinephrine

Answer 38

Low = depression High = anxiety/mania

Question 39

Dopamine

Answer 39

Plays a role in movement, posture, and pleasure. Found high concentrations in the basal ganglia.

Question 40

Low vs high levels of dopamine

Answer 40

High/oversensitive dopamine receptors = Schizophrenia, addiction Low = Parkinson's

Question 41

Serotonin

Answer 41

Monoamine, plays a role in mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming.

Question 42

Low vs high levels of serotonin

Answer 42

High = mania Low = depression

Question 43

GABA

Answer 43

Gamma-aminobutyric acid. Stabilizes neuronal activity by hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 44

Glycine

Answer 44

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Hyperpolarizes postsynaptic membrane by increasing chloride influx into the neuron.

Question 45

Glutamate

Answer 45

Excitatory neurotransmitter.

Question 46

Endorphins

Answer 46

Neuropeptides (related to enkephalins), that mimic morphine and opioids (painkillers).

Question 47

Anterior Pituitary Gland Function

Answer 47

"master gland" releases hormones that regulate all endocrine glands. Controlled by the hypothalamus. FLAT PEG Follicle Stimulating Hormone Leutinizing Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone TSH Prolactin Endorphins Growth Hormone

Question 48

Adrenal Glands (parts)

Answer 48

Made of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.

Question 49

Adrenal medulla

Answer 49

Epinephrine/ norepinephrine synthesis and secretion

Question 50

Adrenal cortex

Answer 50

Synthesis of corticosteroids including cortisol, and sex hormones.

Question 51

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Hypothalamus)

Answer 51

Regulates circadian rhythm. Sends impulses to the pineal gland for melatonin secretion.