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Kaplan Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in response to a stimulus after prolonged exposure

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2
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of response to a stimulus after habituation has occured

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3
Q

Associative Learning (2 types)

A

Classical and Operant Conditioning

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Associations between unrelated stimuli (Pavlov)

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5
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Consequences of voluntary behaviors change frequency of those behaviors (punishments vs reinforcement)

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

Turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.

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7
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of a conditioned response

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8
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

production of weak conditioned response after extinction

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9
Q

Generalization

A

Broadening of acceptance criteria for a conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

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10
Q

Discrimination

A

Distinguishing between similar stimuli to produce a conditioned response.

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11
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increases behavior

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12
Q

Escape Learning

A

Displaying desired behavior to remove unwanted stimulus

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13
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

Displaying desired behavior in anticipation of an unwanted stimulus

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14
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

Rewards that feed biological needs (water, food, sex)

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15
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

Rewards that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer. (Money, grades, success, status)

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16
Q

Punishment

A

Reduces occurrence of behavior.

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17
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A

Positive punishment

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18
Q

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement after every behavior or after every (x) time of behavior.

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19
Q

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement at various random performances of behavior.

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20
Q

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement of at a fixed interval.

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21
Q

Variable Interval Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement at variable intervals.

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22
Q

Shaping

A

Rewarding increasingly similar behavior close to a desired behavior.

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23
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward but can be spontaneously demonstrated when a reward is introduced.

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24
Q

Preparedness

A

Evolutionary predisposition to learn a behavior. (pecking for birds)

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25
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

Reverting to instinctual behavior that abandons a learned behavior.

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26
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning new behaviors by observation. (Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll)

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27
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons that are located in the frontal and parietal lobes that fire when individuals copy an observed action. (monkey see, monkey do)

28
Q

Modeling

A

Teaching a behavior by example

29
Q

Encoding

A

Putting information into memory

30
Q

Automatic processing

A

Passive learning

31
Q

Controlled processing

A

Active learning

32
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

Linking knowledge to already learned

33
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Linking knowledge by putting it into context

34
Q

Self-reference Effect

A

Linking knowledge by putting it into context of own life

35
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repetition if information to commit to memory.

36
Q

Method of Loci

A

Associating items based on location

37
Q

Peg-Word System

A

Associating items based on rhymes or resemblance

38
Q

Chunking (clustering)

A

Grouping of items in order to memorize them better (think FLAT PEG)

39
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory based on senses (<1 sec)

40
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Short memory (<1 sec)

41
Q

Working Memory

A

Part of short-term memory. Allows for the storage of memory long enough for manipulation. (Mental math, puzzles, etc)

42
Q

Long-Term Memory (2 parts)

A

Explicit (declarative memory) and implicit (nondeclarative/procedural)

43
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Declarative memory, made of episodic memory (events, experiances) and semantic memory (facts, concepts)

44
Q

Priming

A

Presentation of one stimulus affects the following ones

45
Q

Positive Priming

A

Exposure to first stimulus enhances processing of the following ones.

46
Q

Negative Priming

A

Exposure to the first stimulus

47
Q

Recall

A

Ability to retrieve memories at will

48
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying learned information (easier than recall)

49
Q

Semantic Network

A

Concepts linked together.

50
Q

Context Effect

A

Memory recall is aided by being in the same location as when the information as learned.

51
Q

State-dependent Memory

A

Enhanced recall being in the same state as when the information was learned (sober, high, drunk, tired, etc)

52
Q

Serial position effect

A

Items at the beginning and end are recalled more clearly.

53
Q

Confabulation

A

Creating vivid but fabricated memories to fill in the forgotten information.

54
Q

Agnosia

A

Failure to recognize objects, people, or sounds. Usually a result of physical damage to the brain.

55
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Old information interferes with learning of new information.

56
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New information interferes with recall of old information.

57
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do things in the future (event-based vs time-based)

58
Q

Reproductive Memory

A

Factual and unbiased memory

59
Q

Reconstructive Memory

A

Memory that is biased by imagination, semantic memory, and perception.

60
Q

False Memory

A

Memory that never occurred.

61
Q

Recovered Memory

A

Repressed memory that is remembered.

62
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Recall affected by injection of outside information into the memory.

63
Q

Intrusion Errors

A

Recall affected by merging of two memories due to common themes.

64
Q

Source-Monitoring Error

A

Confusion between episodic and semantic memory resulting in memories that happened to someone else appearing to have happened to oneself.

65
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Adaptive quality of the brain allowing for rewiring.

66
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Pruning of weak connections to favor strong ones.

67
Q

Long-term Potentiation

A

Strengthening of neural connections through repeated use.

Kaplan Behavioral Sciences (12 decks)

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