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Kaplan Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

Information Processing Model (4 parts)

A
  • Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
  • Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision-making.
  • Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems.
  • Problem-solving is dependent not only on the persons cognitive level but also context and complexity of the problem.
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2
Q

Piaget’s Claim to Fame

A

Proposed qualitative differences between adult and child reasoning. (4 stages of cognitive development)

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3
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete operational
  • Formal operational
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4
Q

Assimilation

A

Classifying new information into existing schemata

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5
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information.

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6
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth - 2 y.o.

Child learns to coordinate sensory input with motor actions.

Begin by exhibiting circular reactions. ends by developing object permanence.

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7
Q

Circular Reactions

A

Primary:
- Repetitions of body movements.

Secondary:
- Manipulation outside the body.

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8
Q

Object Permanence

A

Ability to recognize that objects continue to exist even if they are out of sight.

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9
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

2 y.o. - 7 y.o.

Focused on symbolic thinking and egocentrism. Lacks conservation.

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10
Q

Symbolic Thinking

A

Ability to play pretend, make-believe, and have imagination.

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11
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to understand what others think or feel.

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12
Q

Conservation

A

Understanding that physical amounts are the same regardless of shape or appearance.

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13
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on one aspect of a phenomenon. (number of pizza slices vs size of pizza slices)

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14
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

7 y.o - 11 y.o

Understanding of conservation and loss of egocentrism. Only practical thinking, no abstract thought.

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15
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

11 y.o. - beyond

Reasoning about abstract ideas and development of hypothetical reasoning.

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16
Q

Lev Vygotsky Claim to Fame

A

“Engine driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of his/her culture including interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, and language”

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17
Q

Fluid Intelligence vs Crystalized Intelligence

A

Fluid Intelligence - solving novel problems using creative methods.

Crystalized Intelligence - Solving problems using acquired knowledge, can be procedural.

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18
Q

Mental Set

A

Tendency to approach problems a similar way.

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19
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Inability to be creative with the use of an object.

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20
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Top-down processing. Starts from a set of general rules and draws connections from information given.

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21
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Bottom-up processing. Creates theories by generalizations.

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22
Q

Heuristics

A

Ability to make decisions, rules of thumb

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23
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Basing the likelihood of an event on how easily examples come to mind.

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24
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Categorizing items on the basis of fitting into prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image for the category.

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25
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

Using representative heuristics to make a decision while ignoring numerical information.

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26
Q

Disconfirmation Principle

A

Discarding solutions to problems when they don’t work.

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27
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Focusing on information that fits and individuals existing belief.

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28
Q

Overconfidence

A

Erronesouly interpreting one’s knowledge or beliefs as infallible.

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29
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Overestimation of the ability to predict outcome of events that already happened. (I knew it)

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30
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Inability to reject belief despite contradictory evidence.

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31
Q

Intuition

A

Ability to act on perceptions not supported by evidence.

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32
Q

Recognition-primed decision model

A

How individuals make quick, effective decisions when faced with complex situations

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33
Q

Howard Garner Claim to Fame

A

Multiple intelligences theory.

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34
Q

Multiple Intelligences Theory

A

8 Intelligences
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- musical
- visual-spacial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalist

35
Q

Robert Sterneberg Claim to Fame

A

Triarchic theory of human intelligence.

36
Q

Triarchic theory of human intelligence

A

Analytical, creative, and practical.

37
Q

Consciousness

A

Level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within the world.

38
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Awake - eyes closed and resting. Synchronous and moderately quick.

39
Q

Beta Waves

A

Awake - alert or concentrating. Irregular, quick.

40
Q

Theta Waves

A

Stage 1 Sleep. Irregular, slow frequency, higher voltages.

41
Q

Delta Waves

A

Stage 3 Sleep. Very slow.

42
Q

Awake (waves)

A

Alpha and Beta

43
Q

Sleep 1 (waves)

A

Theta

44
Q

Sleep 2 (waves)

A

Sleep spindles and K complexes

45
Q

Sleep 3 (waves)

A

Delta

46
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement. Mimics wakefulness but body is paralyzed.

47
Q

Activation Synthesis Theory

A

Dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry.

48
Q

Problem-Solving Dream Theory

A

Dreams are a sleeping counterpart to stream-of-consciousness.

49
Q

Dyssomnia

A

Disorders that make it difficult to sleep. (Sleep apnea, insomnia, etc)

50
Q

Parasomnia

A

Abnormal movements or behavior during sleep.

51
Q

Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations

A

Hallucinations while falling asleep or waking up.

52
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking

53
Q

Hypnosis

A

Control of all faculties but in a highly suggestible state.

54
Q

Meditation (waves)

A

Mimics Sleep 1 - Theta waves

55
Q

Four Classes of Consciousness Altering Drugs.

A
  • Depressant
  • Stimulant
  • Hallucinogenic
  • Opiates
56
Q

Depressants

A

Sedatives or “downers”. Decrease frequency of neural impulses.

57
Q

Alcohol Effect on Brain

A
  • Increases GABA diminishing arousal
  • Causes disinhibition
  • Increased dopamine levels
  • Alcohol myopia (inability to perceive possible consequences)
58
Q

Sedatives (2 types)

A

CNS depression. Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines. Also, increase GABA and dopamine (ADDICTIVE)

59
Q

Stimualnts

A

Increase in arousal or “uppers”. Increases frequency of neural impulses.

60
Q

Amphetamines

A

Increases arousal by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and decreasing reuptake.

61
Q

Cocaine

A

Decreases reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Also has anesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties.

62
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

Hallucinogen and amphetamine. Causes euphoria, increased alertness, and overwhelming sense of wellbeing.

63
Q

Opiates VS Opioids (difference)

A

Opiates - Naturally occurring (morphine, codeine)
Opioids - Synthetic derivates.
(oxycodone, hydrocodone. and heroin)

64
Q

Opiates and opioids

A

Bind to opioid receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system and act as endorphins.

65
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Introspection, distortion of reality, and enhancement of sensory experiences. LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, shrooms.

66
Q

Marijuana

A

THC acts on cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, and opioid receptors. INHIBITS GABA and increases dopamine.

67
Q

Addiction

A

Mesolimbic Reward Pathway
- Nucleus accumbens
- Ventral tegmental area
- Medial forebrain bundle
Normally involved in motivation and emotional response and accounts for positive reinforcement of substance use, gambling, love, etc.

68
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other stimuli.

69
Q

Dichotic listening tests

A

Tests selective attention

70
Q

Divided attention

A

Ability to perform mental tasks at the same time.

71
Q

Five Components of Language

A
  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Semantics
  • Syntax
  • Pragmatics
72
Q

Phonology

A

Sound of language.

73
Q

Phonemes

A

Sounds

74
Q

Categorical Perception

A

Differentiating between similar phonemes.

75
Q

Morphology

A

Structure of words (prefix, root, suffix)

76
Q

Semantics

A

Association of meaning to a word.

77
Q

Syntax

A

How words are put together to for sentences.

78
Q

Pragmatics

A

Dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge.

79
Q

Language Development

A

9-12 months: babbling
12-18 months: 1 word/month
18-20 months: language explosion, word combination, inflection
2-3 years: exponential vocabulary, more complex sentences.
5+ years: language rules are largely mastered

80
Q

Overextension vs Errors of Growth

A

Overextension: incorrect application of terms
Errors of Growth: misapplication of grammatical rules.

81
Q

Nativist (Biological) Theory

A

Credited to Noam Chomsky. Advocates for an innate ability for language. Language acquisition device (brain pathway).
Critical period: 2 y.o. to puberty.
Sensitive period: environmental impact has maximal effect on development of an ability

82
Q

Learning (Behaviorist) Theory

A

Credited to B.F. Skinner.
Language acquisition by operant conditioning or reinforcement.

83
Q

Social Interactionist Theory

A

Focus on interplay between biologic and social processes.

84
Q

Benjamin Whorf Claim to Fame

A

Whorfian hypothesis AKA linguistic relativity hypothesis. Perception of reality is determined by the content of language.

Kaplan Behavioral Sciences (12 decks)

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