Chapter 1: Cultural Approach

Question 1

Region

Answer 1

a grouping of similar places or of places with similar characteristics

Question 2

Geography

Answer 2

field of study related to locations and places; a Greek word that means “to describe the Earth”

Question 3

Human Geography

Answer 3

one part of the discipline of geography which examines the relationships between people and places and spaces

Question 4

Culture

Answer 4

learned, collective human behavior as opposed to innate, or inborn, behavior; inovles a means of communicating these learned beliefs, memories, perceptions, traditions, and attitudes that serves to shape behavior

Question 5

Physical Environment

Answer 5

terrain, climate, natural vegetation, wildlife, variations in soil and the pattern of land and water

Question 6

Space

Answer 6

term that refers to an abstract location on a map; connote the objective, quantitative theoretical model-based economics oriented type of geography

Question 7

Model

Answer 7

an abstraction, an imaginary situation, proposed by geographers to simulate laboratory conditions so that they can isolate certain causal forces for detailed study

Question 8

Place

Answer 8

key concept or term connoting the humanistic view of geography; connotes the subjective, ideographic, humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the unique character of individual regions and places

Question 9

Formal Region

Answer 9

area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common, such as language, religion, or a system of livelihood

Question 10

Border Zones

Answer 10

areas where different regions meet and sometimes overlap

Question 11

Core-Periphery

Answer 11

concept based on the tendency of both formal and functional culture regions to consist of a core or node, in which the defining traits are purest or functions are headquarted

Question 12

Functional Region

Answer 12

cultural area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically

Question 13

Node

Answer 13

central point in a functional culture region where functions are coordinated and directed

Question 14

Vernacular Region

Answer 14

culture region perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large and bearing a generally accepted name or nickname

Question 15

Mobility

Answer 15

relative ability of people, ideas, or things to move freely through space

Question 16

Diffusion

Answer 16

movement of people, ideas, or things from one location outward toward other locations

Question 17

Independent Invention

Answer 17

cultural innovation that is developed in two or more locations by individuals or groups working independently

Question 18

Relocation Diffusion

Answer 18

spread of innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation (migration) of the indivudal or group responsible for the innovation

Question 19

Expansion Diffusion

Answer 19

spread of innovations within an area in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users becomes greater and the area of occurence grows

Question 20

Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 20

type of expansion diffusion in which innovations spread from one important person to another or from one urban center to another, temporarily bypassing other persons or rural areas

Question 21

Contagious Diffusion

Answer 21

type of expansion diffusion in which cultural innovation spreads by person-to-person contact, moving wavelike through an moving wavelike through an area and population without regard to social status

Question 22

Stimulus Diffusion

Answer 22

type of expansion diffusion in which a specific trait fails to spread but the underlying idea or concept is accepted

Question 23

Time-Distance Decay

Answer 23

decrease in acceptance of a culture innovation with increasing time and distance from its origin

Question 24

Absorbing Barrier

Answer 24

completely halts diffusion of innovations and blocks the spread of cultural elements

Question 25

Permeable Barrier

Answer 25

permits some aspects of an innovation to diffuse through it but weakens and retards continued spread; an innovation can be modified in passing through a permeable barrier

Question 26

Circulation

Answer 26

term that implies an ongoing set of movements of people, ideas, or things that have no particular center or periphery

Question 27

Migration

Answer 27

large-scale movements of people between different regions of the world

Question 28

Transnational Migrations

Answer 28

movements of groups of people who maintain ties to their homelands after they have migrated

Question 29

Globalization

Answer 29

binding together of all the lands and peoles of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic free markets, in which culture diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouraged

Question 30

Uneven Development

Answer 30

tendency for industry to develop in a core-periphery pattern, enriching the industrizlied countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized periphery

Question 31

Nature-Culture

Answer 31

refers to the complex relationships between people and the physical environment, including how culture, politics, and economies affect people's ecological situation and resource use

Question 32

Cultural Ecology

Answer 32

study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture; narrowly defined, the study of culture as an adaptive system that facilitates human adaption to nature and environmental change

Question 33

Possibilism

Answer 33

school of thought based on the belife that humans, rather than the physical environment, are the primary active force; that any environment offers a number of different possible ways for a culture to develop; and that the choices amont these possibilities are guided by cultural heritage

Question 34

Environmental Determinism

Answer 34

belief that cultures are directly or indirectly shaped by the physical environment

Question 35

Environmental Perception

Answer 35

belief that culture depends more on what people perceive the environment to be than on the actual character of the environment; perception, in tern, is colored by the teachings of culture

Question 36

Natural Hazard

Answer 36

inherent danger present in a given habitat, such as floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes; often perceived differently by different peoples

Question 37

Organic View of Nature

Answer 37

view that humans are part of, not separate from, nature and that the habitat possesses a soul and is filed with nature-spirits

Question 38

Mechanistic View of Nature

Answer 38

view that humans are separate from nature and hold dominion over it and that the habitat is an integrated mechanism governed by external forces that the human mind can understand and manipulate

Question 39

Ecofeminism

Answer 39

doctrine proposing that women are inherently better environmental preservationists than men because the traditional roles of women involved creating and nuturing life

Question 40

Symbolic Landscapes

Answer 40

landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture

Question 41

Cultural Landscapes

Answer 41

visible human imprint on the land

Question 42

Settlement Forms

Answer 42

spatial arrangement of buildings, roads, towns and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area

Question 43

Nucleation

Answer 43

relatively dense settlement form

Question 44

Dispersed

Answer 44

Type of settlement form in which people live relatively distant from each other

Question 45

Land-Division Patterns

Answer 45

refers to the spatial patterns of different land uses

Question 46

# Reversed a grouping of similar places or of places with similar characteristics

Answer 46

Region

Question 47

# Reversed field of study related to locations and places; a Greek word that means "to describe the Earth"

Answer 47

Geography

Question 48

# Reversed one part of the discipline of geography which examines the relationships between people and places and spaces

Answer 48

Human Geography

Question 49

# Reversed learned, collective human behavior as opposed to innate, or inborn, behavior; inovles a means of communicating these learned beliefs, memories, perceptions, traditions, and attitudes that serves to shape behavior

Answer 49

Culture

Question 50

# Reversed terrain, climate, natural vegetation, wildlife, variations in soil and the pattern of land and water

Answer 50

Physical Environment

Question 51

# Reversed term that refers to an abstract location on a map; connote the objective, quantitative theoretical model-based economics oriented type of geography

Answer 51

Space

Question 52

# Reversed an abstraction, an imaginary situation, proposed by geographers to simulate laboratory conditions so that they can isolate certain causal forces for detailed study

Answer 52

Model

Question 53

# Reversed key concept or term connoting the humanistic view of geography; connotes the subjective, ideographic, humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the unique character of individual regions and places

Answer 53

Place

Question 54

# Reversed area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common, such as language, religion, or a system of livelihood

Answer 54

Formal Region

Question 55

# Reversed areas where different regions meet and sometimes overlap

Answer 55

Border Zones

Question 56

# Reversed concept based on the tendency of both formal and functional culture regions to consist of a core or node, in which the defining traits are purest or functions are headquarted

Answer 56

Core-Periphery

Question 57

# Reversed cultural area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically

Answer 57

Functional Region

Question 58

# Reversed central point in a functional culture region where functions are coordinated and directed

Answer 58

Node

Question 59

# Reversed culture region perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large and bearing a generally accepted name or nickname

Answer 59

Vernacular Region

Question 60

# Reversed relative ability of people, ideas, or things to move freely through space

Answer 60

Mobility

Question 61

# Reversed movement of people, ideas, or things from one location outward toward other locations

Answer 61

Diffusion

Question 62

# Reversed cultural innovation that is developed in two or more locations by individuals or groups working independently

Answer 62

Independent Invention

Question 63

# Reversed spread of innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation (migration) of the indivudal or group responsible for the innovation

Answer 63

Relocation Diffusion

Question 64

# Reversed spread of innovations within an area in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users becomes greater and the area of occurence grows

Answer 64

Expansion Diffusion

Question 65

# Reversed type of expansion diffusion in which innovations spread from one important person to another or from one urban center to another, temporarily bypassing other persons or rural areas

Answer 65

Hierarchical Diffusion

Question 66

# Reversed type of expansion diffusion in which cultural innovation spreads by person-to-person contact, moving wavelike through an moving wavelike through an area and population without regard to social status

Answer 66

Contagious Diffusion

Question 67

# Reversed type of expansion diffusion in which a specific trait fails to spread but the underlying idea or concept is accepted

Answer 67

Stimulus Diffusion

Question 68

# Reversed decrease in acceptance of a culture innovation with increasing time and distance from its origin

Answer 68

Time-Distance Decay

Question 69

# Reversed completely halts diffusion of innovations and blocks the spread of cultural elements

Answer 69

Absorbing Barrier

Question 70

# Reversed permits some aspects of an innovation to diffuse through it but weakens and retards continued spread; an innovation can be modified in passing through a permeable barrier

Answer 70

Permeable Barrier

Question 71

# Reversed term that implies an ongoing set of movements of people, ideas, or things that have no particular center or periphery

Answer 71

Circulation

Question 72

# Reversed large-scale movements of people between different regions of the world

Answer 72

Migration

Question 73

# Reversed movements of groups of people who maintain ties to their homelands after they have migrated

Answer 73

Transnational Migrations

Question 74

# Reversed binding together of all the lands and peoles of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic free markets, in which culture diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouraged

Answer 74

Globalization

Question 75

# Reversed tendency for industry to develop in a core-periphery pattern, enriching the industrizlied countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized periphery

Answer 75

Uneven Development

Question 76

# Reversed refers to the complex relationships between people and the physical environment, including how culture, politics, and economies affect people's ecological situation and resource use

Answer 76

Nature-Culture

Question 77

# Reversed study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture; narrowly defined, the study of culture as an adaptive system that facilitates human adaption to nature and environmental change

Answer 77

Cultural Ecology

Question 78

# Reversed school of thought based on the belife that humans, rather than the physical environment, are the primary active force; that any environment offers a number of different possible ways for a culture to develop; and that the choices amont these possibilities are guided by cultural heritage

Answer 78

Possibilism

Question 79

# Reversed belief that cultures are directly or indirectly shaped by the physical environment

Answer 79

Environmental Determinism

Question 80

# Reversed belief that culture depends more on what people perceive the environment to be than on the actual character of the environment; perception, in tern, is colored by the teachings of culture

Answer 80

Environmental Perception

Question 81

# Reversed inherent danger present in a given habitat, such as floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes; often perceived differently by different peoples

Answer 81

Natural Hazard

Question 82

# Reversed view that humans are part of, not separate from, nature and that the habitat possesses a soul and is filed with nature-spirits

Answer 82

Organic View of Nature

Question 83

# Reversed view that humans are separate from nature and hold dominion over it and that the habitat is an integrated mechanism governed by external forces that the human mind can understand and manipulate

Answer 83

Mechanistic View of Nature

Question 84

# Reversed doctrine proposing that women are inherently better environmental preservationists than men because the traditional roles of women involved creating and nuturing life

Answer 84

Ecofeminism

Question 85

# Reversed landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture

Answer 85

Symbolic Landscapes

Question 86

# Reversed visible human imprint on the land

Answer 86

Cultural Landscapes

Question 87

# Reversed spatial arrangement of buildings, roads, towns and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area

Answer 87

Settlement Forms

Question 88

# Reversed relatively dense settlement form

Answer 88

Nucleation

Question 89

# Reversed Type of settlement form in which people live relatively distant from each other

Answer 89

Dispersed

Question 90

# Reversed refers to the spatial patterns of different land uses

Answer 90

Land-Division Patterns