Chapter 4: Language

Question 1

language

Answer 1

mutually agreed-on system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and usually a written expression

Question 2

dialect

Answer 2

distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers or other dialects of that language; a subtype of language

Question 3

pidgin

Answer 3

composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in commerce

Question 4

creole

Answer 4

language derived from a pidgin language that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and become the native language of its speakers

Question 5

lingua franca

Answer 5

an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue

Question 6

bilingualism

Answer 6

ability to speak two languages fluently

Question 7

language family

Answer 7

group of related languages derived from a common ancestor

Question 8

polyglot

Answer 8

mixture of different languages

Question 9

Anatolian hypothesis

Answer 9

theory of language diffusion holding that the movement of Indo-European languages from the area in contemporary Turkey known as Anatolia followed the spread of plant domestication technologies

Question 10

Kurgan hypothesis

Answer 10

theory of language diffusion holding that the spread of Indo-European languages originated with animal domestication in the central Asian steppes and grew more aggressively and swiftly than proponents of the Anatolian hypothesis claim

Question 11

isoglosses

Answer 11

border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation

Question 12

slang

Answer 12

words or phrases that are not part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language but that are nonetheless used and understood by some of its speakers

Question 13

ethnolect

Answer 13

dialect spoken by a particular ethnic group

Question 14

language hotspot

Answer 14

places on Earth that are home to the must unique, misunderstood, or endangered languages

Question 15

linguistic refuge area

Answer 15

area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived

Question 16

toponym

Answer 16

place-name, usually consisting of two parts, the generic and the specific

Question 17

generic toponym

Answer 17

descriptive part of many place-names, often repeated throughout a culture area

Question 18

Chinese primary country

Answer 18

China

Question 19

Spanish primary country

Answer 19

Spain

Question 20

English primary country

Answer 20

United Kingdom

Question 21

Arabic primary country

Answer 21

Saudi Arabia

Question 22

Hindi primary country

Answer 22

India

Question 23

Bengali primary country

Answer 23

Bangladesh

Question 24

Portuguese primary country

Answer 24

Portugal

Question 25

Russian primary country

Answer 25

Russia

Question 26

Japanese primary country

Answer 26

Japan

Question 27

German primary country

Answer 27

Germany

Question 28

Javanese primary country

Answer 28

Indonesia

Question 29

Lahnda primary country

Answer 29

Pakistan

Question 30

Telugu primary country

Answer 30

India

Question 31

Vietnamese primary country

Answer 31

Vietnam

Question 32

Maranthi primary country

Answer 32

India

Question 33

French primary country

Answer 33

France

Question 34

Korean primary country

Answer 34

Korea

Question 35

Italian primary country

Answer 35

Italy

Question 36

Urdu primary country

Answer 36

Pakistan

Question 37

major language families

Answer 37

``` Afro-Asiatic, 6% of world's speakers Austronesian, 6% of world's speakers Indo-European, 45% of world's speakers Niger-Congo, 6% of world's speakers Sino-Tibetian, 21% of world's speakers Trans-New Guinea, .06% of world's speakers ```

Question 38

Indo-European language families

Answer 38

``` Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Urdu, Farsi) Hellenic (Greek) Celtic (Irish, Scottish, Welsh) Italic (French, Spanish, Italian) Balto-Slavic (Polish, Russian) Germanic (Norwegian, Icelandic, English, Dutch, German) ```

Question 39

Endangered Language Project

Answer 39

worldwide collaboration to strengthen endangered languages