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R9 > Chapter 1 - Epidemiology and clinical analysis > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Epidemiology and clinical analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Define: type II error

A

Failure to reject null hypothesis when it is false

Beta = probability of making type II error

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2
Q

Level of evidence: systemic reviews of case-control studies with homogeneity

A

3a

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3
Q

Level of evidence: individual cohort studies

A

2b

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4
Q

Level of evidence: All or non trials

A

1c

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5
Q

Level of evidence: systematic reviews of cohort studies with homogeneity

A

2a

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6
Q

Define: Kaplan-Meier method

A

Each event recorded at time of occurrence without the need for fixed time frames

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7
Q

Definition: clinical equipoise

A

Situation in which clinical experts professionally disagree on the preferred treatment method

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8
Q

Name: weighted composite dependent variable graph used in meta analyses

A

Forest plot

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9
Q

Define: selection bias

A

Effect tested differs among patients who participate to those who do not

Can be due to physicians or patients (self-selection)

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10
Q

Level of evidence: clinical outcome studies

A

2c

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11
Q

Define: type I error

A

Rejection of null hypothesis when it is true

Alpha = probability of making type I error

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12
Q

Define: censorship variable

A

Data about the event of interest are unknown because of withdrawal or failure to follow up

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13
Q

Level of evidence: individual RCT with narrow confidence intervals

A

1b

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14
Q

Define: Bayesian inference

A

Probabilities conditional on observations and with degrees of uncertainty; the use of odds ratio reflects this

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15
Q

Level of evidence: case-series studies

A

4

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16
Q

Define: power

A

Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false

Ability to detect true difference

1 - beta

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17
Q

Define:

internal validity

statistical validity

construct validity

external validity

A

Internal validity: ability to support the causal effect being tested

Statistical validity: ability to generalize the effect to the larger population from the sample drawn

Construct validity: support the intended interpretation of the effect

External validity: support the generalization of results to external populations from which samples are not drawn

18
Q

Define: VascuQol

A

Vascular quality of life questionnaire

5 domains: pain, symptoms, activity, social, emotional

19
Q

Epidemiology is greek for

A

Upon - the people - study

20
Q

Define: confounding factor

A

Second variable correlates with a primary independent variable and its associated dependent variable

21
Q

Level of evidence: individual case-control studies

A

3b

22
Q

Define: propensity scoring

A

Control confounding factors to reflect conditional probability of being in a treatment group based on known variables. Carefully chosen to reflect potential predictors of treatment assignment (not outcomes of assignment)

23
Q

Define: information bias

A

Erroneous information collected by study because of poor design

24
Q

Define: validity

A

Degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

= accuracy

25
Q

Define: carryover effect

A

Influence of time and previous exposure of the other treatment

26
Q

Definition: prevalence and incidence

A

Prevalence = ratio of persons affected for the population at risk

Incidence = ratio of persons in whom the disease develops within a specified period for the population at risk

(frequency of the disease at the measured time point regardless of the time of disease development)

27
Q

Table: Grade of recommendation, recommendation and basis

A
28
Q

List: Limitations of RTC’s

A

1) costly to conduct
2) lack of clinical equipoise
3) bias from physician or patient even with clinical equipoise
4) risk aversion or randomization aversion
5) intent to treat analysis with high crossover or dropout
6) conducted at high volume centers and therefore not representative
7) designed and powered to test only one hypothesis

29
Q

Define: block randomization

A

Randomizing patients in a study in groups as they are enrolled

30
Q

Define: SF-36

A

Short form health survey for measurement of health-related quality of life instrument

8 domains

physical: physical functioning, physical role, body pain, general health
mental: vitality, social functioning, emotional role, mental health

31
Q

Define: recall bias

A

Cannot recall events accurately or have bias in recall

32
Q

Define: Koch’s postulate (Robert Koch)

A

Postulate linking microbe and disease

33
Q

Level of evidence: systematic reviews of RCT study with homogeneity

A

1a

34
Q

Who is John Snow

A

Recognized for ameliorating cholera epidemic in 1854 London

35
Q

Define: reliability

A

Consistency of the instrument if it were to be repeated on the same participant under identical conditions

= precision

36
Q

Level of evidence: expert opinion without critical appraisal or based on bench research

A

5

37
Q

Define: EQ-5D

A

European quality of life group instrument for quality of life assessment

5 dimentions of health: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression

38
Q

Define: counterfactual ideal

A

Impracticality of conducting study to expose people to certain things

39
Q

Define: WIQ

A

Walking impairment questionnaire

4 components: walking distance, walking speed, stair climbing, other symptoms that limib walking

40
Q

Define: survival analysis

A

Event status between fixed periods of measurement

41
Q

Statistical tests based on research question and data characteristics

1 group, 2 independent, 2 related, 3+ independent, 3+ related, 2 comparable variable, 1 dependent variable and 2+ independent variables

A

One group parametric: one sample t-test

nonparametric: sign test, Wilcoxon signed rank, transform data for t-test
proportions: exact binomial, z approximation to exact test

Two independent parametric: t-test

nonparametric: Wilcoxon rank-sum
proportions: chi squared, Fisher’s exact

Two related parametric: paired t-test

nonparametric: sign, Wilcoxon signed rank
proportions: McNemar or kappa statistic

Three or more independent parametric: ANOVA

nonparametric: Kruskal-Wallis
proportions: chi square, Fischer’s exact

Three or more related parametric: repeated-measures ANOVA
nonparametric: ANOVA by ranks

Two comparable variable

nominal: relative risk
ordinal: Spearman’s rank correlation
continuous: linear regression

One dependent and two or more independent variables
binary dependent: logistic regression
categorical dependent: ANCOVA
continuous dependent: multiple linear regression
censored observation: COX proportional hazards model
clustered or hierarchic parametric data: linear mixed models
clustered or hierarchic semi-parametric data: generalized estimating equations

42
Q

Define: life-tables

A

Measure events at fixed intervals

R9 (200 decks)

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