Chapter 1 - Intro to Soc

Question 1

Define Sociology -

Answer 1

The study of groups and group interactions in society - the systematic study of society, social variables, social institutions, social interactions (has many definitions)

Question 2

Give examples of social variables

Answer 2

race, gender, ethnicity, religion

Question 3

Give examples of social institutions

Answer 3

religion, education, the family

Question 4

define society

Answer 4

group of ppl living in defined geographical location who interact with on another and share common culture

Question 5

define culture

Answer 5

A groups shared practices and beliefs

Question 6

define macrosociology

Answer 6

trends among and between large groups or societies

things change slowly

eg. elderly people, men, women, lgtbq+

Question 7

define microsociology

Answer 7

trends among and between small groups

see things change quickly

Question 8

define normative behavior

Answer 8

the expected behavior of a person

if you go against them you are deviant

eg. how to act in an elevator

Question 9

define the sociological imagination

Answer 9

Relationship between persons behav and experiences and the winder culture that shaped the person’s choices and perceptions

Question 10

_____ described sociological imagination as the capacity to shift from the perspective of personal experience to what has caused it (the grand societal scale)

Answer 10

Mills

Question 11

give an example of believed choice

Answer 11

Obesity isn’t a personal preference: choosing to eat while others are you to avoid feeling not normal can eventually lead to obesity

homelessness is a choice by lazy people instead of the idea that society could be at fault as well

Question 12

define agency

Answer 12

people’s capacity to make choices which have an impact on other people in society

Question 13

explain agency vs structure

Answer 13

Are ppl free agents? Or directed by social structure?

Agency - ppls capacity to make choices which have an impact on other ppl + society
Social structure - framework of culture and social patterns in which social interactions take place. ie. structure that limits the choices or opportunities

Question 14

define norms

Answer 14

Formal and informal rules of contact for membership in a group

Regulate human social interactions

Vary according to how widely accepted, how society enforces, how much conformity they require

Question 15

define social structure

Answer 15

Social structures: the recurrent pattern or arrangement that limits society

Can be material (having a house)
Can be cultural (social norms)
Includes stratification: by race, gender, etc.
Those born in lower classes have less opportunities

Question 16

explain what the social sciences study

Answer 16

Studies “laws” that govern human behaviour, harder to identify than nat sciences cause they change over time.

Eg. sociology and anthro used to be one discipline

Question 17

sociology is a more recent academic discipline in response to _______ _________, _________, and population ______ in Europe in the _______.

Answer 17

A more recent academic discipline in response to the industrial revolution, urbanisation, population growth in Europe in the 1800’s

Question 18

the emergence of wage labour; ppl working long hours to be able to afford food and cost of living, ppl moved into cities where they had horrible working conditions

who saw this and said that population will grow faster than food which will cause war, starvation and poverty

Answer 18

Thomas Malthus

Question 19

who is the founder of sociology. what else did he contribute

Answer 19

August comte

Positivism: applying the scientific method to the social world
Believe we can improve the conditions of society

Question 20

who is Harriet Matineau? what did she do?

Answer 20

Was the first female sociologist

Translated Comte’s work from French to English

Wrote about female rights, politics and religion

Question 21

what did Confictus study?

Answer 21

Studied role modelling as a more effective than punishment/law enforcement in leading groups

Question 22

who was the first person to systematically study soc

Answer 22

Ibn Khaldun

Question 23

what did Thomas malthus propose

Answer 23

spoke on population increase; proposed that it would be kept in check by famine and disease

Question 24

who talked about the protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism

Answer 24

Max Weber

Question 25

what is the protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism

Answer 25

Protestant work ethic - hard work + good use of time + rejecting materialism demonstrates proof of being God’s lucky few Ie. the protestant work ethic feeds into the capitalist spirit No miracles: protestants didn’t believe in miracles and thought that everything could happen through knowledge

Question 26

other than the protestant work ethic and the spirit of caitalism, what else did the founder of these things propose

Answer 26

Anti-positivism: rejection of the use of the scientific method to study the social world Was known for his critic of objectivity - thought it was impossible to be totally objective as we bring our own values and judgements into or research Used the term Verstehen Known as the “interpretive method” - We cannot just use statistics and data, rather we need to pay attention to the subjective meaning of human behavior (their feelings, experiences, etc)

Question 27

what did Karl Marx propose

Answer 27

We can improve the world by understanding social laws and social processes Witnessed inequalities happening under industrialization and capitalism “We have to overthrow capitalism because it oppresses people” Ie. The means of production are hurting society Critical Sociology - Using knowledge to reduce inequality

Question 28

Emilie Durkheim coined what

Answer 28

Social fact: patterned ways of acting, thinking and feeling that exist outside someone but exert social control over everyone Ex: being a brother or a mother makes you act a certain way Durkheim observed patterns in suicide facts Men commit suicide more than women, it was higher for soldiers than citizens, there were patterns Ex: masculinity and the expectations of man explain why a man has a higher chance to commit suicide than women Anomie - "normelessness" when people dont have

Question 29

what does Bourgeoisie and Proletariat mean

Answer 29

Bourgeoisie: owners of the means of production (in the early 1800's rev these were the factory owners) Proletariat: selling their labor to the bourgeoisie

Question 30

W.E.B Du Boise was known as? and proposed?

Answer 30

First African American to receive a PhD from Harvard Double consciousness: the conflict that black people experience from being subordinate in society Black people need to be conscious of how they view themselves, but also how white people view them in a racist society Ex: black people in the US view this double consciousness when encountering the police; How do they look in the police's eyes?

Question 31

George Herbert Mead came up with

Answer 31

Symbolic Interactionism: symbolic meanings of our social interactions

Question 32

Carl Addington Dawson came up with

Answer 32

Social Gospel Movement: a movement in the 19th century to apply human welfare principals of Christianity to the social, medical and psychological ills created by industrialization and capitalism

Question 33

what did erving goffman do

Answer 33

Impression management: people behave in a way to avoid embarrassment (we do things that show us doing a role) Wrote asylums

Question 34

when as the industrial revolution

Answer 34

the 1800's

Question 35

what is structural functionalism

Answer 35

Society is a structure with interrelated parts that are meant to meet biological and social needs of individuals - A macrosociological approach which examines large scale patterns in society - Social institutions - a relatively permanent societal structure that governs the behaviour of groups and promote social order (the sexist/racist one)

Question 36

what is a social fact and who coined it

Answer 36

a patterned way of responding to social stimuli, which is out of their control Ie. aspects of your social location lead you to act in sociologically predictable ways (coined by Emile Durkheim) eg. beer pressure

Question 37

what is a social institution

Answer 37

a relatively permanent societal structure that governs behavior of groups and promote social order (eg. family, dad, mom; all have roles) A societal functionalist would argue that women staying in the home is beneficial as it has the best child outcome

Question 38

what are Merton’s Manifest and Latent Functions (3)

Answer 38

Manifest Functions - intended and easily recognized structural functions Latent Function - unintended and unrecognized structural functions Latent dysfunctions - unintended and produce societal negative consequences

Question 39

who coint the latent and minest functions

Answer 39

robert merton

Question 40

who is the father of conflic theory

Answer 40

Mark Marx Viewed conflict theory about class Believe that the conflict between the capitalist class (the bourgois) and the class of workers (the proletariat) would caused a socialist revolution that would produce a classless or egalitarian society

Question 41

what is conflict theory (the 4 C's)

Answer 41

society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. Based on da 4 C’s: Conflict - exists in all lage societies (race, sex, class etc) Class - divisions of class cause conflict Contestation - the functions of soc can be contested based on asking who this function serves best Change - assumes that society will or should change

Question 42

what is an egalitarian society

Answer 42

classless society

Question 43

what did conflict theory expand into, acting as an umbrella term

Answer 43

expanded into critical sociology umberella for feminist sociology, queer theroy etc...

Question 44

what is praxis

Answer 44

engaging in research to help people recognize their position in society

Question 45

what is the main criticism for conflict theory

Answer 45

too much stability

Question 46

what is symbolic interactionism

Answer 46

looks at the meaning or symbolism of daily lives A microsociological theory that focuses on the relationships between individuals in society

Question 47

who pioneered symbolic interactionism and what did they say about it

Answer 47

George Herbert Mead Examined how individuals self is constructed as we interact with others and how the self allows us to take one social roles, reflected on ourselves and internalise social expectations

Question 48

who pioneered symbolic interactionism and what did they say about it

Answer 48

George Herbert Mead Examined how individuals self is constructed as we interact with others and how the self allows us to take one social roles, reflected on ourselves and internalize social expectations

Question 49

who came up with the idea of a "symbolic interaction" and what did they say about it

Answer 49

Herbert blumer Social systems (friendship patterns, economy, education) are simply by products of our personal interactions

Question 50

________ came up with dramaturgical analysis (front/back stage) and wrote asylums

Answer 50

Erving Goffman Total institutions - institutions such as the military hospitals and asylums that regulate all aspects of an individual's life (sleep, diet, etc) All social interactions are performance - your try to put on the best performance Front stage (in front of ppl) and backstage (you do things to prepare you for front stage such as putting on makeup)

Question 51

what does the feminist theory study

Answer 51

tackles centuries of patriarchy; a social organization in which men hold all of the political, social and cultural social power

Question 52

o was the first woman to examine women;s roles in society

Answer 52

Harriet Martineau

Question 53

Dorthy smith coined _______ theory which is what

Answer 53

Standpoint theory - knowledge is developed from one’s particular lived position or standpoint so objectivity is impossible

Question 54

what are the waves of feminism

Answer 54

1st- the suffrage movement; civil and political rights for women such as the right to vote 2nd- the right to education, work, equal pay, domestic violence, and reproductive rights 3rd- minorities left out of the second wave, POC, LGBTQ, women in poverty 4th- current feminism, bread spectrum, social media

Question 55

what do Marxist feminists believe

Answer 55

Believe the economy is the route to feminism Only way to solve the problem would ne to overthrow the capitalist system

Question 56

what do liberal feminists believe

Answer 56

Instead over overthrowing the capitalist system, to change things work within the system itself; implement laws that will help improve women's conditions Progressive approach; take down structural barriers They believe women should be able to participate in sex work freely

Question 57

what do radical feminists believe

Answer 57

Women are oppressed by the patriarchy Change the institutions within the patriarchy Sex work is never fair or okay - women should not have to resort to selling their bodies to make money

Question 58

the postmodernist perspective is a different lens of looking at society. Explain

Answer 58

-there is no real truth; knowledge is always made or invented not discovered, all ideas and facts are believed not known Referred sometimes to “knowledges”

Question 59

how does standpoint theory relate to the postmodernist perspective

Answer 59

Standpoint theory - Knowledge is always developed from a particular position, or “standpoint” Eg. sociology was developed from a male standpoint that overlooked women

Question 60

what is totalitarian discourse

Answer 60

any discourse that makes a universal claim about how all knowledge and understanding can be achieved; set of beliefs that dominate all others

Question 61

explain what is meant by voices in the postmodernist perpestive

Answer 61

Sees many voices Some voices are silenced by an overarching dominated voice; usually white upper class male, their view is heard over all others Eg. American dream is true only for those with privilege

Question 62

when did queen theory emerge and what is it

Answer 62

Emerged in 1990’s Study of sexual phenomenon Challenges the idea of man and woman, gay and straight They argue that we perform our gender, it is a presentation that we put on

Question 63

what is social location

Answer 63

An individual's social location is defined as the combination of factors including gender, race, social class, age, ability, religion, sexual orientation, and geographic location.

Question 64

the city of _____ was central to much of the early history of sociology in North America

Answer 64

Chicago

Question 65

which chicago based sociologist focused on human ecology

Answer 65

Robert E. park Park viewed the city as the main habitat for the human species, and he would explore it and observe.

Question 66

Which Chicago-based sociologist created a 21-point system to measure the likelihood that an inmate of parole would reoffend?

Answer 66

Earnest Burgess

Question 67

Which Chicago-based sociologist founded North America's first settlement house?

Answer 67

Jane addams turned a run-down mansion in one of Chicago's poorest communities into a settlement house. Hull House was an outreach and research centre that offered social and educational services to people of different ethnic backgrounds and social classes.

Question 68

Which movement applied Christian principles of human welfare to the treatment of social, medical, and psychological ills?

Answer 68

the social gospel movement

Question 69

The interdisciplinary approach that involves sociology, political science, economics, law, anthropology, and history is

Answer 69

Political economy looks primarily at the relationship between politics and the economics of the productions, distribution, and consumption of goods, and is often Marxist in nature.

Question 70

To describe the systemic discrimination he observed in Canadian society, John Porter coined the term _____ _______

Answer 70

vertical mosaic describes the systemic discrimination like the different tiles of a mosaic; stacked and not arranged evenly

Question 71

a _______ ___ encourages the "rapid assimilation of recent immigrants to their new society"

Answer 71

melting pot

Question 72

Which kind of sociology targets sociology departments, scholarly journals, professional associations, and conferences?

Answer 72

professional sociology - designed to generate very specific information that can be applied to a particular problem or intellectual question.

Question 73

Which kind of sociology is called the "conscience" of another sociological branch?

Answer 73

critical sociology

Question 74

Which kind of sociology emphasizes the ability to avoid "undue professionalism"?

Answer 74

public sociology Public sociology addresses people who are not academics or politicians (i.e. the public) and therefore needs to communicate in an accessible way.