Chapter 4 - Socialization

Question 1

define the Personal Social Identity Continuum

Answer 1

the range of trait you process that emphasise the way you see yourself as a unique individual

Which traits stand out the most to you at any given time and can vary across context

Question 2

define master statuses

Answer 2

most influential status in an individuals status (Sex, Ethnicity, etc)

Question 3

most influential status in an individuals status (Sex, Ethnicity, etc) are known as

Answer 3

Auxillary traits

Question 4

how do sociologists use the term “self”

Answer 4

sociologists use the term self to refer to refer to our knowledge of ourselves as entities separate distinct from others

Question 5

what is self concept

Answer 5

the totality of various traits, feelings and values, that underlie in out own unique personal preferences

An individual’s sense of who they are based on perceived similarities and differences from others

Question 6

what is the social identity

Answer 6

(social view of the self): who we are in terms of the social groups we consider ourselves to be a part of

Eg. thinking that you are attractive based on the amount and kinds of attention you get

Question 7

what is personal identity

Answer 7

the ways we consider ourselves to be unique from others

Question 8

define Socialisation

Answer 8

lifelong process through which people learn about themselves and their various roles in society in relation to one another

Question 9

what is an agent of socialisation

Answer 9

groups, social institutions and/or social settings that have the greatest amount of influence on the developing self

Much of the information we learn about ourselves comes from agents of socialisation

Question 10

socialization that occurs early in life is known as ________, and in later life it is

Answer 10

primary socialization

secondary socilization

Question 11

what is determinism

Answer 11

the degree to which an individual’s behavior, attitudes, and other “personal” characteristics are determined, or caused by something specific
domino affect

Question 12

what are “hard” and “soft” determinism

Answer 12

Hard determinism claims that we are programmed to think and act in a particular way, either by our biology, or the society we live in

Soft determinism believes biology and society play a part, but they also believe there is some room in everyone’s life for free will, or the exercise of agency

Question 13

what is biological determinism

Answer 13

we are determined by our genes

Question 14

what is the human genome project

Answer 14

Human Genome Project – involves a painstaking count of the number of genes we have and investigation into what each of those genes’ codes for, either singly or in combination

Question 15

what is the XXY males study (1962)

Answer 15

The standard pattern of chromosomes in men is XY, and women, XX

During the 1960s, the unusual XYY chromosome pattern was found in some men studied in hospitals for dangerous, violent, or criminal patients with emotional/intellectual problems in England, the United

States, and Australia

The XYY pattern was hastily declared the “criminal gene”
About 1 in 1000 men were XYY (Brown, 1968)

Question 16

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the Id

Answer 16

the driving force of personality, an expression of two motives that demand gratification in all humans

The 2 motives (which you can think of as instinctive drives) are eros and thanatos

Eros (related to the word erotic) is a “life drive” that is dedicated to pleasure seeking - particularly sexual pleasure

Thanatos is the “death wish,” an instinct for aggression and violence

Question 17

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the superego

Answer 17

the part of the mind that policies the id

Think of it as your conscious: taking messages of right and wrong that your parents, family, friends, teachers, and other socializing agents give you, and internalizes them

Personal code of moral behavior

Question 18

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the ego

Answer 18

the main agent of personality, driven by the id and its demands, but restrained by the superego
As the ego matures, it learns and develops strategies to satisfy the id’s demands in socially acceptable ways

This maturity happens in stages that begin in infancy and end in adolescence

Freud called them psychosexual stages because each one is associated with sexual pleasure from a different part of the body

Freud says personality is set up by the last psychosexual stage, when the superego is fully formed, and sexual maturity is achieved

Question 19

who believed that each stage of life, from infancy to maturity, is defined by a central crisis (trust vs mistrust, intimacy vs isolation, etc.) that has a significant bearing on individual personality development

Answer 19

Erik Erikson

Question 20

how did Erik Erikson define an identity crisis

Answer 20

a state of doubt and uncertainty resulting from the failure to resolve the conflict between identity and identity confusion

Question 21

what is Social/Cultural Determinism (behaviorism)

Answer 21

a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural-determinist position

It emphasizes the power of learning in the development of behavior (nature in the debate of nature vs nurture)

Behaviorism suggests social environment is the prime mover in the development of personality

Question 22

who came up with the law of effect

Answer 22

edward thorndike

Question 23

what are the two parts of the law of effect

Answer 23

If you do something and it’s rewarded, the likelihood that you will do it again increases
Reward is “reinforced”

If you do something and it is punished or ignored, the likelihood of your doing it again decreases

Question 24

Attempting to change someone’s behavior by this approach is called __________ _________

Answer 24

behavior modification

Question 25

Hard social determinism claims that just about any behavior can be ______ and ______

Answer 25

taught and learned

Question 26

who is the founder of behaviorist psychology

Answer 26

John B. Watson

Question 27

______ ________ warned us about taking an oversocialized view of people

Answer 27

Dennis H. Wrong (1961)

Question 28

what could occur due to oversocialization

Answer 28

someone could resist socialization this resonates with branding of the 21st century as advertisers try to socialize children at younger and younger ages into thinking that they can acquire social acceptance through branded products

Question 29

what are agents of socialization for most people?

Answer 29

family peers community school mass media legal system culture

Question 30

_______ _______ ________ saw all agents of socialization falling into 1 of 2 categories he named “significant other” and “generalized other”

Answer 30

George Herbert Mead

Question 31

decribe significant others

Answer 31

are those key individuals – primarily parents – whom young children imitate and model themselves after

Question 32

describe the generalized other

Answer 32

is not one person; it's more like a composite of all the people who make up a group such as a team, local community, etc. As children age, they notice the attitudes and expectations of various generalized others, and as they do they change their own behavior to conform to the social expectations of these groups

Question 33

describes Mead's developmental sequence (first, second, thrid)

Answer 33

First: Preparatory stage: involves pure intimidation on the part of the child Second: Play stage: where the child engages in role-taking: This is where children become aware of the viewpoints of significant others – parents, grandparents, and siblings – and imagine what those others are thinking as they act Third: Game stage: a child can consider several roles and viewpoints simultaneously

Question 34

who coined the looking-glass self

Answer 34

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)

Question 35

describe the looking glass self (hint there are three parts

Answer 35

Self-image based on how people think they are viewed by others Three components: 1. How you imagine you appear to others 2. How you imagine those others judge your appearance 3. How you feel as a result (proud, ashamed, self-confident, embarrassed)

Question 36

_______ is an individual's first agent of socialization, and often the most powerful one

Answer 36

family

Question 37

Melvin Kohn (1959) investigated the relationship between social class and the way parents socialize (influence) their children what was his conclusion

Answer 37

middle-class parents valued self-control or inner control, while working-class parents put a higher valuation on external control

Question 38

what did Melvin Kohn say about how middle class families vs working class families on how they socialize their children

Answer 38

Middle-class families were socializing their children into white-collar occupations by emphasizing self-reliance, independence and curiosity Working-class families would make them successful members of that class – notably obedience to authority and conformity

Question 39

explain the culture and personality school of thought. what did is attempt to identify?

Answer 39

Attempted to identify and describe idealized personalities or “personality types” for different societies, and attach to each one a particular form of family socialization

Question 40

what is national character

Answer 40

the personality type of entire nations the primary socialization of a child's raising link to a countries national character

Question 41

Explain the russian example of national character

Answer 41

The People of Great Russia (1949) where Georffrey Gorer and John Rickman proposed the swaddling hypothesis Moodiness is a typical Russian behavior: citing extremes of controlled and out-of-control behavior (alcoholism) and attributed it to the swaddling of infants commonly practiced among Russian families

Question 42

define peer group

Answer 42

a social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position, and interests

Question 43

define peer pressure

Answer 43

the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behavior, appearance, or externally demonstrated values

Question 44

Paul E. Willis (1977) Study: studied a groups of 12 teen boys attending working-class all-male school in Hammerstone, England what was he tryna find? what was his conclusion

Answer 44

Wanted to know why working-class kids settle for laboring jobs rather than trying to get the kind of jobs obtained by middle-class kids He found that peer pressure is the reason for this

Question 45

what are examples of risk behaviors

Answer 45

driving at dangerous speeds, engaging in unsafe sexual activities, drinking to excess, experimenting with drugs, etc.

Question 46

Jeffrey Arnett and Lene Balle-Jensen (1993) did a cross-cultural study on risk behaviors in adolescents in the US and Denmark what did he find?

Answer 46

Found that there is a correlation between risk behaviors and city size Adolescents in larger cities are more likely to report risky behaviors than those in smaller cities

Question 47

Young people in cultures characterized by ______ socialization have greater freedom to act independently and make choices

Answer 47

broad socialization

Question 48

in cultures based on ______ socialization young people face greater pressure – from families, the authorities, and from society in general – to act a certain way and to conform to widely held expectations regarding behavior

Answer 48

narrow socialization

Question 49

Albert Bandura wanted to see if behavior could be learned without ______ and _______

Answer 49

rewards and penalties

Question 50

Albert Bandura conducted an experiment where children were placed in a room with an adult, an inflatable clown (a “Bobo doll”) and a bunch of toys while the “control group” were invited to play with the toys while the adult sat in the opposite corner Children in the “experiment” group watched the adult abuse the Bobo doll physically and verbally then the adult left in both groups for a period of time What were the results?

Answer 50

Children in the control group didn’t care for the doll while the children in the experimental group repeated the behaviors of the adult who left the room children were not getting any rewards or penalties this made Bandura's cognitive learning theory: - people learn by observing the behavior of other people - we can assess the pros and cons of demonstrated actions and be judicious about how and when we perform those learned behaviors

Question 51

Huesmann’s Longitudinal Studies studied 557 Chicago-area children from Grade 1 to 4, beginning in 1977 15 years later they interviewed as many of them as they could (60%) what were his 2 theories explaining his data

Answer 51

Observational learning theory: states that children acquire what he termed “aggressive scripts” for solving social problems through watching violence on television Desensitization theory: increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence

Question 52

What did Jib Fowles say about sociologists condemning violence on tv

Answer 52

Jib Fowles says that sociologists who condemn violence on tv are really using tv violence as a pretext to tackle other issues: class, “race,” gender, and generation

Question 53

What is Habitus? Who came up with it?

Answer 53

Habitus: is a wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics, leisure pursuits, ways of walking, even whether you spit in public Including, for example, definitions of “manners” and “good taste” Each social class has its own habitus, its shared set of characteristics Pierre Bourdieau

Question 54

what is the teacher's role in socialization

Answer 54

The social location of the teacher: age, gender, ethnicity, and so on can have a powerful effect on the educational socialization of the student Being the same ethic background as the student can have a positive effect on a child’s socialization experience Kristin Klopfenstein (2005) Found that black students who had a black math teacher in grade 9 were more likely to take a more challenging math course in grade 10

Question 55

Secondary socialization differs from primary socialization in what two ways

Answer 55

It typically involves a group that is smaller than society in general and It usually takes place outside of the family

Question 56

define secondary socialization

Answer 56

involves learning life lessons from a different source – from classmates at school or teammates on ice instead of parents at home

Question 57

Any time you switch from one experience of socialization to another, you undergo ___________

Answer 57

resocialization

Question 58

define resocialization

Answer 58

learning and un learning voluntary or involuntary voluntary eg. someone geting a new job or moving to new school involuntary eg. first nation residential schools or being drafted into millitary

Question 59

Socialization that occurs later in life is known as

Answer 59

secondary socialization

Question 60

XXY males are associated with

Answer 60

above-average height, acne, and a slightly lower intelligence

Question 61

Eros and thanatos are expressed in the

Answer 61

id

Question 62

Behaviorism is a school of thought that emphasizes the environment as

Answer 62

emphasizes the environment as the prime mover in the development of personality

Question 63

Canadian sociologist Dennis H. Wrong argued against

Answer 63

taking an oversocialized view of people

Question 64

Highly influential agents of socialization include

Answer 64

family, school, and mass media

Question 65

Charles Horton Cooley's looking-glass self has three components:

Answer 65

how you imagine you appear to others, how you imagine those others judge your appearance, and how you feel as a result

Question 66

Driving at dangerous speed, unsafe sexual behaviour, and experimenting with drugs are all examples of

Answer 66

risk behaviours

Question 67

Huesmann proposed two theories to explain the connection between consuming violent media as a child and aggressive behaviour as an adult:

Answer 67

observational learning theory and desensitization theory

Question 68

Any time you switch from one experience of socialization to another, whether as a child or an adult, you undergo

Answer 68

resocialization

Question 69

A degradation ceremony is

Answer 69

a kind of rite of passage where a person is stripped of his or her individuality

Question 70

Hazing rituals have long been practised in athletics and typically involve

Answer 70

degradation ceremony imposed on the team's rookies by veteran players

Question 71

what is anticipatory socialization

Answer 71

when we prepare for out future of roles eg. when children play house

Question 72

when old behaviors, roles or socialization is no longer relevant to a person, they have been ______

Answer 72

resocialized

Question 73

concerted cultivation was observed by _______ in 2002

Answer 73

Lareau

Question 74

what was the starting point for the development of formal rationalization

Answer 74

the industrial revolutions

Question 75

Weber believed that with the increase in formal rationalization, the West was becoming increasingly _________ which can only lead to further alienation on part of the individuals

Answer 75

Weber believed that with the increase in formal rationalization, the West was becoming increasingly disenchanted (lacking in magic, fantasy, or mystery) which can only lead to further alienation on part of the individuals

Question 76

Weber worries and warned about the oncoming danger of the “_________,” meaning a world in which every aspect of life is controlled by the formal rationalization of bureaucracy (dehumanized and over-controlled)

Answer 76

Weber worries and warned about the oncoming danger of the “iron cage of rationality,” meaning a world in which every aspect of life is controlled by the formal rationalization of bureaucracy (dehumanized and over-controlled)

Question 77

what is mcdonaldification in the eyes of George Ritzer

Answer 77

the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world"

Question 78

what are the four fundamental elements of Weber's formal rationalization

Answer 78

efficiency, quantification, predictability and control

Question 79

substantice rationalization envolves the substance of _____ and _____ norms

Answer 79

values and ethical norms